Nokea
Steatorrhoea occurs with all of the following EXCEPT:
- A. gastrinoma
- B. congenital defect in gastric lipase
- C. ileal disease with failure to reabsorb bile salts
- D. exocrine pancreatic disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because a congenital defect in gastric lipase would not lead to steatorrhoea. Gastrinoma, ileal disease with failure to reabsorb bile salts, and exocrine pancreatic disease can all cause steatorrhoea due to impaired fat digestion or absorption. Gastrinoma can lead to excessive acid production, which can interfere with fat digestion. Ileal disease can affect the reabsorption of bile salts necessary for fat digestion. Exocrine pancreatic disease can result in insufficient pancreatic enzymes needed for fat digestion. Therefore, choice B is the exception as it does not directly impact fat digestion or absorption.
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A 38-year-old man with galactorrhea is treated with bromocriptine, which eliminates the galactorrhea. The basis for the therapeutic action of bromocriptine is that it
- A. antagonizes the action of prolactin on the breast
- B. enhances the action of prolactin on the breast
- C. inhibits prolactin release from the anterior pituitary
- D. inhibits prolactin release from the hypothalamus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Bromocriptine is a dopamine agonist.
2. Dopamine inhibits prolactin release from the anterior pituitary.
3. Galactorrhea is often caused by excess prolactin.
4. By inhibiting prolactin release, bromocriptine reduces prolactin levels and eliminates galactorrhea.
Summary:
A: Incorrect - Bromocriptine does not antagonize prolactin action.
B: Incorrect - Bromocriptine does not enhance prolactin action.
D: Incorrect - Prolactin is not released from the hypothalamus.
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.
- A. insulin, because insulin is a small peptide
- B. steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
- C. growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone
- D. glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells. Thyroid hormone, being a small iodinated amine, can easily pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors, similar to steroid hormones. Unlike insulin (choice A), which binds to cell surface receptors, thyroid hormone and steroid hormones enter the cell to exert their effects. Growth hormone (choice C) and glucagon (choice D) do not share the same mechanism of entry into target cells as thyroid hormone, making them incorrect choices.
Androgens are produced by the _______.
- A. ovaries.
- B. testes.
- C. hypothalamus.
- D. islets of Langerhans.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: testes. Androgens, such as testosterone, are male sex hormones primarily produced by the testes. The testes contain specialized cells called Leydig cells that secrete androgens. Ovaries (A) produce female sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The hypothalamus (C) regulates hormone production through the pituitary gland but does not directly produce androgens. Islets of Langerhans (D) are clusters of cells in the pancreas responsible for producing insulin and glucagon, not androgens.
Regarding iron:
- A. it is more readily absorbed in the ferric form
- B. men lose about 0.6mg/d
- C. average daily iron intake is 40mg
- D. ascorbic acid reduces iron absorption
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because men lose about 0.6mg of iron per day through various physiological processes like shedding skin cells and hair. This loss must be replenished through dietary intake to maintain iron balance. Choice A is incorrect as iron is more readily absorbed in the ferrous form. Choice C is incorrect as the average daily iron intake is around 18mg. Choice D is incorrect ascorbic acid enhances iron absorption rather than reducing it.
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone:
- A. are both secreted by the parathyroid glands.
- B. increase plasma levels of calcium.
- C. decrease plasma levels of calcium.
- D. control plasma levels of calcium.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone regulate plasma calcium levels. Calcitonin decreases calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown, while parathyroid hormone increases calcium levels by stimulating bone breakdown and increasing calcium reabsorption. Therefore, both hormones work together to maintain calcium homeostasis. The correct answer, choice D, highlights that both hormones control plasma calcium levels.
Summary of Other Choices:
A: Incorrect. Calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid gland, not the parathyroid glands.
B: Incorrect. Calcitonin decreases plasma calcium levels, while parathyroid hormone increases plasma calcium levels.
C: Incorrect. Parathyroid hormone increases plasma calcium levels, whereas calcitonin decreases plasma calcium levels.