Nokea
Tall stature is not characteristic of:
- A. Klinefelter's syndrome
- B. Homocystinuria
- C. Marfan's syndrome
- D. Turner's syndrome
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Turner's syndrome is a genetic condition that affects females and is characterized by short stature and other physical abnormalities due to the absence of part or all of one of the X chromosomes. Therefore, tall stature is not characteristic of Turner's syndrome.
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH):
- A. is a glycoprotein hormone.
- B. is synthesized in the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.
- C. has gonadotropic activity.
- D. stimulates the activity of parafollicular thyroid cells.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a glycoprotein hormone that is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It acts on the thyroid gland to stimulate the production and release of thyroid hormones, T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). TSH plays a crucial role in regulating the function of the thyroid gland and maintaining overall thyroid hormone levels in the body.
Oxytocin:
- A. is bound to neurophysin in plasma.
- B. inhibits production of milk.
- C. inhibits myometrial contraction.
- D. inhibits sperm swimming on the gonad.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. In the bloodstream, oxytocin is mostly bound to a carrier protein called neurophysin. This binding helps to protect oxytocin from being degraded too quickly in the bloodstream, thus allowing it to exert its effects on target tissues such as the uterus and mammary glands. Oxytocin plays important roles in stimulating uterine contractions during labor, facilitating milk letdown during breastfeeding, and promoting social bonding and emotional connections.
Which of the following investigations is the gold standard for diagnosing acromegaly?
- A. Serum IGF1 measurement
- B. Growth hormone releasing hormone measurement
- C. Oral glucose tolerance test + Growth hormone measurement
- D. Growth hormone measurement
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The gold standard for diagnosing acromegaly is the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) along with growth hormone (GH) measurement. During this test, the patient is given a glucose solution to drink, and then blood samples are taken to measure GH levels at specific time intervals. In a person without acromegaly, glucose ingestion would typically suppress GH levels. However, in individuals with acromegaly, GH levels remain elevated even after glucose administration due to the inability of glucose to inhibit GH release from the tumor.
Which of the following lung cancers is most commonly associated with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?
- A. Squamous cell carcinoma
- B. Small cell (oat cell) carcinoma
- C. Large cell carcinoma
- D. Adenocarcinoma
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Small cell (oat cell) carcinoma of the lung is most commonly associated with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). This paraneoplastic syndrome occurs in patients with small cell lung cancer due to the production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the tumor cells. The excessive release of ADH leads to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia, causing symptoms such as nausea, confusion, seizures, and potentially life-threatening complications. Other types of lung cancer, such as squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, are less commonly associated with SIADH.
Enlargement of the bones of the hands, feet, and face due to overproduction of growth hormone is called :
- A. Acromegaly
- B. Cushing syndrome
- C. Gigantism
- D. Myxedema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Acromegaly is the condition characterized by the enlargement of the bones of the hands, feet, and face due to the overproduction of growth hormone in adults. This excess growth hormone typically comes from a benign tumor in the pituitary gland, leading to the gradual enlargement of these body parts. Cushing syndrome, on the other hand, is caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol and is not directly related to bone enlargement. Gigantism is the condition of excessive growth in height due to overproduction of growth hormone occurring in children before the closure of growth plates. Myxedema is a term used to describe severe hypothyroidism and is not directly associated with bone enlargement.