Nokea
The 32-year-old patient has been taking antituberculosis drugs. Later he noticed that his urine had become redorange in color. What drug is conductive to this phenomenon?
- A. Rifampicin
- B. Isoniazid
- C. Pyrazinamide
- D. Ethambutol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Rifampicin. Rifampicin can cause red-orange discoloration of bodily fluids like urine due to its metabolism. This phenomenon is harmless but alarming to patients. Isoniazid (B) can cause peripheral neuropathy, Pyrazinamide (C) can cause hyperuricemia, and Ethambutol (D) can cause optic neuropathy.
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Bacterial spores are resistant to harsh conditions due to:
- A. their lipid-rich membranes
- B. presence of calcium dipicolinate
- C. rapid metabolism
- D. high water content
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the presence of calcium dipicolinate in bacterial spores helps protect their DNA from damage under harsh conditions. Calcium dipicolinate acts as a stabilizer, preserving the spore structure.
Choice A is incorrect as bacterial spores have a tough protein coat, not a lipid-rich membrane. Choice C is incorrect as bacterial spores have very low metabolic activity. Choice D is incorrect as bacterial spores have low water content to prevent damage during harsh conditions.
Which of the following organisms is used in the production of cheese?
- A. Propionibacterium shermanii
- B. Acetobacter aceti
- C. Giardia
- D. Fusobacterium
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Propionibacterium shermanii. This bacterium is used in the production of certain types of cheese, such as Swiss cheese, to create the characteristic holes and flavor. Propionibacterium produces carbon dioxide gas during fermentation, forming the holes in the cheese. Acetobacter aceti (B) is used in vinegar production. Giardia (C) is a parasite that causes gastrointestinal issues, not used in cheese production. Fusobacterium (D) is a type of bacteria associated with infections in humans, not used in cheese production.
Which of the following is true regarding bacterial plasmids?
- A. Plasmids are essential for bacterial survival
- B. Plasmids are circular DNA molecules
- C. Plasmids are never involved in antibiotic resistance
- D. Plasmids are found in all bacteria
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B - Plasmids are circular DNA molecules
Rationale:
1. Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria.
2. Plasmids are typically circular in structure, not linear.
3. Circular plasmids are easily replicated and transferred between bacteria.
4. Plasmids can carry genes for antibiotic resistance, making option C incorrect.
5. Not all bacteria have plasmids, making option D incorrect.
6. While plasmids can provide benefits, they are not essential for bacterial survival, making option A incorrect.
A laboratory received a material from a patient's wound. Preliminary diagnosis is gaseous gangrene. What microbiological method should be applied to determine species of causative agent?
- A. Bacteriological
- B. Allergic
- C. Bacterioscopic
- D. Serological
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bacteriological. This method involves isolating and culturing the causative bacteria from the wound material to determine the species. This allows for further testing to confirm gaseous gangrene and identify the specific pathogen.
Choice B: Allergic is incorrect as it pertains to immune responses, not identifying bacteria.
Choice C: Bacterioscopic is incorrect as it refers to microscopic examination of bacteria, not species identification.
Choice D: Serological is incorrect as it involves testing for antibodies in the blood, not identifying the causative agent directly.
A consumptive patient has an open pulmonary form of disease. Choose what sputum staining should be selected for finding out the tubercle (Koch's) bacillus?
- A. Method of Ziel-Neelsen
- B. Method of Romanowsky-Giemsa
- C. Method of Gram
- D. Method of Neisser
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Method of Ziel-Neelsen. This method uses a special stain (carbol fuchsin) to detect acid-fast organisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. The staining procedure involves heating the slide to help penetrate the mycolic acid layer of the bacteria, making them resistant to decolorization by acid-alcohol. The red stained acid-fast bacilli stand out against the blue counterstain. This method is specific for identifying tubercle bacilli in sputum samples.
Choice B: Method of Romanowsky-Giemsa is used for staining blood smears and is not suitable for detecting acid-fast bacilli in sputum.
Choice C: Method of Gram is used for staining bacteria based on their cell wall composition and is not effective for identifying acid-fast bacilli like Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Choice D: Method of Neisser is not a specific staining method for acid-fast bacilli and is not suitable