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The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD), formerly the American Association on Cognitive Impairment, classifies cognitive impairment based on what parameter?
- A. Age of onset
- B. Subaverage intelligence
- C. Adaptive skill domains
- D. Causative factors for cognitive impairment
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The AAIDD classifies cognitive impairment based on functional impairment in at least two adaptive skill domains, such as communication, self-care, or social skills. Age of onset before 18 is a criterion but not the basis for classification. Subaverage intelligence alone is insufficient, and etiology is not part of the classification system.
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The nurse is discussing sexuality with the parents of an adolescent girl who has a moderate cognitive impairment. What factor should the nurse consider when dealing with this issue?
- A. Sterilization is recommended for any adolescent with cognitive impairment.
- B. Sexual drive and interest are very limited in individuals with cognitive impairment.
- C. Individuals with cognitive impairment need a well-defined, concrete code of sexual conduct.
- D. Sexual intercourse rarely occurs unless the individual with cognitive impairment is sexually abused.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A concrete code of sexual conduct helps adolescents with cognitive impairment navigate social situations safely due to their susceptibility to persuasion and limited judgment. Sterilization is ethically complex and not universally recommended, sexual drive is not necessarily limited, and intercourse can occur without abuse, necessitating education.
One of the techniques that has been especially useful for learners having cognitive impairment is called fading. What description best explains this technique?
- A. Positive reinforcement when tasks or behaviors are mastered
- B. Repeated verbal explanations until tasks are faded into the childs development
- C. Negative reinforcement for specific tasks or behaviors that need to be faded out
- D. Gradually reduces the assistance given to the child so the child becomes more independent
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Fading involves guiding the child through a task and gradually reducing assistance to promote independence. Positive reinforcement supports behavior modification, verbal explanations are less effective, and negative reinforcement is not the primary focus of fading.
The nurse is talking with a 10-year-old boy who wears bilateral hearing aids. The left hearing aid is making an annoying whistling sound that the child cannot hear. What intervention is the most appropriate nursing action?
- A. Ignore the sound.
- B. Suggest he reinsert the hearing aid.
- C. Ask him to reverse the hearing aids in his ears.
- D. Suggest he raise the volume of the hearing aid.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The whistling sound is acoustic feedback, often caused by improper fit or hair in the ear canal. Reinserting the hearing aid correctly resolves this. Ignoring the sound is disruptive, reversing aids is incorrect due to ear-specific molds, and raising the volume worsens feedback.
A newborn assessment shows a separated sagittal suture, oblique palpebral fissures, a depressed nasal bridge, a protruding tongue, and transverse palmar creases. These findings are most suggestive of which condition?
- A. Microcephaly
- B. Cerebral palsy
- C. Down syndrome
- D. Fragile X syndrome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: These physical characteristics, including a separated sagittal suture and protruding tongue, are hallmark signs of Down syndrome. Microcephaly involves a small head, cerebral palsy lacks specific physical signs at birth, and fragile X syndrome presents different features like a long face and large ears.
What technique facilitates lip reading by a hearing-impaired child?
- A. Speak at an even rate.
- B. Avoid using facial expressions.
- C. Exaggerate pronunciation of words.
- D. Repeat in exactly the same way if child does not understand.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Speaking at an even rate aids lip reading by allowing the child to follow lip movements clearly. Avoiding facial expressions, exaggerating pronunciation, or repeating identically can distort visual cues and hinder understanding.