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The amount of energy lost in a circuit due to electrical resistance is dissipated in the form of:
- A. Light
- B. Sound
- C. Heat
- D. Mechanical work
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: When electrical current flows through a circuit with resistance, energy is lost in the form of heat due to the resistance encountered by the electrons. This dissipation of energy as heat is a common phenomenon in electrical circuits and is known as Joule heating. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Heat.' Light, sound, and mechanical work are not typical forms in which energy is lost due to electrical resistance. Light is not a direct result of energy dissipation in electrical circuits, sound is not a form of energy dissipation in this context, and mechanical work pertains to the application of physical force and not the dissipation of energy due to resistance.
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In fluid dynamics, the continuity equation, a fundamental principle, expresses the conservation of:
- A. Momentum
- B. Mass
- C. Energy
- D. Angular momentum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The continuity equation in fluid dynamics is a statement of the conservation of mass, making choice B the correct answer. It states that the mass entering a system must equal the mass leaving the system, assuming no mass is created or destroyed within the system. Conservation of momentum (choice A) is related to Newton's laws of motion and is not directly expressed by the continuity equation. Conservation of energy (choice C) involves different principles like the first law of thermodynamics and is not the focus of the continuity equation. Angular momentum (choice D) is also a different concept related to rotational motion and not described by the continuity equation.
How might the energy use of an appliance be expressed?
- A. Power = energy time
- B. Time + energy = power
- C. Energy = power time
- D. Energy/power = time
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The energy use of an appliance can be expressed using the formula Energy = Power Time. In this formula, Energy represents the amount of electricity consumed by the appliance, Power indicates the rate at which the appliance uses electricity (measured in watts), and Time represents the duration for which the appliance is being used (measured in hours). By multiplying the power rating of the appliance by the time it is in use, one can calculate the total energy consumed. Option C is the correct choice because it accurately represents the relationship between power, time, and energy. Choices A, B, and D present incorrect representations of the relationship between energy, power, and time, making them wrong answers.
The frequency of an alternating current (AC) refers to the number of times it changes direction per unit time. This is measured in:
- A. Hertz
- B. Amperes
- C. Volts
- D. Ohms
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The frequency of an alternating current (AC) is measured in Hertz (Hz), which denotes the number of times the current changes direction per unit time. Hertz is the unit for frequency, while amperes measure current, volts measure voltage, and ohms measure resistance. Therefore, the correct answer is Hertz (Hz). Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because amperes measure current intensity, volts measure voltage potential, and ohms measure resistance, not the frequency of an alternating current.
A closed system undergoes a cyclic process, returning to its initial state. What can be said about the net work done (Wnet) by the system over the entire cycle?
- A. Wnet is always positive.
- B. Wnet is always negative.
- C. Wnet can be positive, negative, or zero.
- D. Wnet is equal to the total heat transferred into the system (dQ ≠0 for a cycle).
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: For a closed system undergoing a cyclic process and returning to its initial state, the net work done (Wnet) over the entire cycle can be positive, negative, or zero. This is because the work done is determined by the area enclosed by the cycle on a P-V diagram, and this area can be above, below, or intersecting the zero work axis, leading to positive, negative, or zero net work done. Choice A is incorrect because Wnet is not always positive; it depends on the specific path taken on the P-V diagram. Choice B is incorrect as Wnet is not always negative; it varies based on the enclosed area. Choice D is incorrect because Wnet is not necessarily equal to the total heat transferred into the system; it depends on the specifics of the cycle and is not a direct relationship.
Why are boats more buoyant in salt water than in fresh water?
- A. Salt decreases the mass of the boats.
- B. Salt increases the volume of the water.
- C. Salt affects the density of the boats.
- D. Salt increases the density of the water.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Salt increases the density of water, making saltwater more buoyant than freshwater. The higher density of saltwater provides more lift to a boat, enabling it to float more easily compared to in freshwater. Choice A is incorrect because salt does not affect the mass of the boats. Choice B is incorrect as salt does not increase the volume of water. Choice C is incorrect since salt affects the density of water, not the boats themselves. Therefore, the correct answer is that salt increases the density of the water, resulting in boats being more buoyant in salt water than in fresh water.