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The best estimate of the association between wedding cake and illness is:
- A. 6.1
- B. 7.7
- C. 68.4
- D. 83.7
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Calculated odds ratio reflects the strength of association.
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Describe the overall trends reflected in the chart.
- A. Cyclical increases followed by declines
- B. Steady increase over time
- C. Steady decline over time
- D. Random fluctuations with no pattern
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pertussis exhibits cyclical patterns due to waning immunity and vaccination coverage.
Weight, height, length is
- A. Ordinal scale
- B. Interval scale
- C. Ratio scale
- D. Nominal scale
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Weight, height, and length are ratio scales as they have a true zero point and allow for meaningful ratios.
Comparing numbers and rates of illness in a community, rates are preferred for:
- A. Conducting surveillance for communicable diseases
- B. Deciding how many doses of immune globulin are needed
- C. Estimating subgroups at highest risk
- D. Telling physicians which strain of influenza is most prevalent
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rates allow comparisons across populations and help identify high-risk groups.
Selection bias interferes-
- A. internal validity
- B. external validity
- C. face validity
- D. all
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Selection bias undermines internal validity by affecting the comparability of study groups.
Define the following terms: Experimental study
- A. A planned intervention where the investigator controls exposure to determine its effect.
- B. A study that uses historical data to analyze outcomes.
- C. A study conducted without a control group.
- D. A study where participants choose their own exposure.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An experimental study is characterized by the investigator's control over exposure.