Nokea
The caregiver explains to the parent of a 2-year-old child that the toddler's negativism is expected at this age. What need is this behavior meeting?
- A. Trust
- B. Attention
- C. Discipline
- D. Independence
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Negativism in toddlers is a common behavior at this age as they begin to assert their independence and show a desire to control their environment. Choice A, 'Trust,' does not align with the behavior of negativism, as it is more about the child's growing autonomy. Choice B, 'Attention,' while important for child development, is not the primary need being met by negativism in this context. Choice C, 'Discipline,' though important in guiding behavior, is not the underlying need being expressed through negativism. Therefore, the correct answer is D, 'Independence,' as toddlers exhibit negativism as a way to assert their independence and autonomy.
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When caring for a 2-year-old girl who is wheezing and has difficulty breathing, which interview question would provide the most useful information related to the symptoms of the child?
- A. Inquiring about child safety in the home
- B. Asking about the temperament of the child
- C. Asking about the child's diet
- D. Asking the parents if they smoke in the home
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Asking the parents if they smoke in the home is the most relevant question as exposure to secondhand smoke can exacerbate respiratory symptoms like wheezing and difficulty breathing in children. This information is crucial for identifying potential triggers for the child's symptoms. Inquiring about child safety in the home, asking about the child's temperament, and inquiring about the child's diet, while important aspects of care, may not directly address the respiratory symptoms the child is experiencing.
Which of the following parameters would be LEAST reliable when assessing the perfusion status of a 2-year-old child with possible shock?
- A. distal capillary refill
- B. systolic blood pressure
- C. skin color and temperature
- D. presence of peripheral pulses
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Systolic blood pressure is the least reliable parameter when assessing the perfusion status of a 2-year-old child with possible shock. In pediatric patients, especially young children, blood pressure may not decrease until significant shock has already occurred, making it a late indicator of inadequate perfusion. Depending solely on systolic blood pressure to evaluate perfusion status in this age group can lead to a delay in appropriate interventions. Distal capillary refill time, skin color, and temperature changes, and the presence of peripheral pulses are more sensitive and early indicators of perfusion status in pediatric patients. Monitoring distal capillary refill provides information on peripheral perfusion, while changes in skin color and temperature can signal circulatory compromise. Evaluating the presence or absence of peripheral pulses offers insights into vascular perfusion. These parameters offer more reliable and prompt feedback on a child's perfusion status compared to systolic blood pressure.
A group of students is reviewing information about the endocrine system in infants and children. The students demonstrate understanding of the information when they state:
- A. Endocrine glands begin developing during gestation.
- B. Endocrine glands are fully functional at birth.
- C. Infants may have difficulty regulating glucose and electrolytes.
- D. A child's endocrine system plays a significant role in growth and development.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Infants may have difficulty regulating glucose and electrolytes due to their immature endocrine systems. This can lead to issues such as hypoglycemia and electrolyte imbalances. Choice A is incorrect because endocrine glands actually begin developing early in gestation, not just in the third trimester. Choice B is incorrect as endocrine glands are not fully functional at birth; they continue to mature and develop after birth. Choice D is incorrect as a child's endocrine system has a significant impact on growth and development through the secretion of hormones that regulate various processes in the body, but it does not specifically address the difficulty in regulating glucose and electrolytes seen in infants.
What should be taught to the child and parents about using a peak flow meter for a child diagnosed with asthma?
- A. Use the device before taking medication
- B. Use the device during asthma attacks
- C. Record the best of three attempts
- D. Use the device after eating
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is to 'Record the best of three attempts.' This method provides an accurate measure of peak expiratory flow using a peak flow meter. By taking the best of three attempts, the child and parents can obtain a more reliable assessment of the child's lung function. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because using the device before taking medication, during asthma attacks, or after eating does not ensure an accurate measurement of peak flow, which is essential for managing asthma effectively. Monitoring peak flow regularly and accurately can help in adjusting asthma treatment plans and assessing response to medications.
The instructor is educating a group of students about myelination in a child. Which statement by the students indicates that the teaching was successful?
- A. Myelination continues into adolescence.
- B. The process occurs in a head-to-toe fashion.
- C. Myelination speeds up nerve impulses.
- D. Myelination increases the specificity and efficiency of nerve impulses.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Myelination occurs in a cephalocaudal (head-to-toe) pattern, improving nerve function progressively. Choice A is incorrect because myelination continues beyond 4 years of age and into adolescence. Choice C is incorrect as myelination speeds up nerve impulses rather than slowing them down. Choice D is incorrect because myelination increases the specificity and efficiency of nerve impulses, making them more focused and precise.