Nokea
The cleanup of various industrial wastes by living organisms is referred to as __________.
- A. biomining
- B. biosynthesis
- C. bioremediation
- D. bioengineering
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: bioremediation. Bioremediation is the process of using living organisms to clean up environmental pollution, including industrial wastes. This method utilizes microorganisms, plants, or fungi to break down or neutralize pollutants. Biomining (A) is the process of extracting valuable metals from ores using biological organisms. Biosynthesis (B) refers to the production of complex molecules by living organisms. Bioengineering (D) involves the application of engineering principles to biological systems, not specifically related to cleaning up industrial wastes. Therefore, the most appropriate term for the cleanup of industrial wastes by living organisms is bioremediation.
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Which bacteria are known to produce an endotoxin that can cause septic shock?
- A. Salmonella enterica
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all three bacteria (Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) are known to produce endotoxins, specifically lipopolysaccharides in their cell walls. Endotoxins are released upon bacterial cell death and can trigger an immune response, leading to septic shock. Salmonella and E. coli are common causes of bacterial infections, while Pseudomonas is associated with nosocomial infections. Therefore, all of the above choices are correct in terms of producing endotoxins that can cause septic shock. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect individually because they do not encompass all the bacteria known to produce endotoxins that can lead to septic shock.
Botulism is a disease caused by the production of a potent neurotoxin by bacteria of the genus:
- A. Staphylococcus
- B. Klebsiella
- C. Salmonella
- D. Clostridium
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Clostridium. Clostridium bacteria produce the neurotoxin responsible for botulism. Clostridium botulinum is specifically known for causing this disease. Staphylococcus (A), Klebsiella (B), and Salmonella (C) do not produce the neurotoxin associated with botulism. Staphylococcus typically causes skin infections, Klebsiella is often associated with pneumonia and urinary tract infections, and Salmonella is known for causing food poisoning. Therefore, the correct answer is Clostridium due to its specific association with botulism.
The classic causative agent of croupous pneumonia is:
- A. Chlamydia pneumoniae
- B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- C. Mycoplasmas pneumoniae
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Streptococcus pneumoniae. This bacterium is the classic causative agent of croupous pneumonia due to its ability to infect the lungs and cause inflammation. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common pathogen known for causing pneumonia in both adults and children. It is characterized by the presence of a capsule that helps it evade the host immune system.
Choice A, Chlamydia pneumoniae, is not the correct answer as it is more commonly associated with atypical pneumonia. Choice C, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is also associated with atypical pneumonia and not croupous pneumonia. Choice D, Staphylococcus aureus, can cause pneumonia, but it is not the classic causative agent of croupous pneumonia.
A 40-year-old man developed skin redness and an swelling in the neck area, where eventually a small abscess appeared. The section the focus is dense and yellow-green colored. In the purulent masses there are white granules. Histologically there are fungal druses, plasma and xanthome cells, and macrophages detected. Specify the most correct etiological name of this pathological process?
- A. Actinomycosis
- B. Furuncle
- C. Carbuncle
- D. Syphilis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Actinomycosis. This is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Actinomyces species. In this case, the description of dense yellow-green colored focus, white granules in purulent masses, and presence of fungal druses, plasma cells, xanthome cells, and macrophages all match the characteristics of actinomycosis. Actinomycosis typically presents with abscess formation containing sulfur granules, which are yellowish and granular. The other choices (B: Furuncle, C: Carbuncle, D: Syphilis) do not fit the clinical and histological features described in the question, making them incorrect options.
Which bacteria is responsible for causing whooping cough?
- A. Bordetella pertussis
- B. Clostridium tetani
- C. Haemophilus influenzae
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bordetella pertussis. This bacterium causes whooping cough by attaching to the respiratory tract and releasing toxins that lead to severe coughing fits. Clostridium tetani causes tetanus, not whooping cough. Haemophilus influenzae can cause respiratory infections but not specifically whooping cough. Staphylococcus aureus is known for causing skin infections and not respiratory diseases like whooping cough. Therefore, the presence of Bordetella pertussis and its specific mechanism of causing whooping cough makes it the correct answer.