Nokea
The client states that he has smoked three-fourths of a pack per day over the last 10 years. The nurse calculates that the client has a smoking history of how many pack-years?
Correct Answer: 7.5
Rationale: The standard method for quantifying smoking history is to multiply the number of packs smoked per day by the number of years of smoking. The number is recorded as the number of pack-years. The calculation for the number of pack-years for the client who has smoked three-fourths of a pack per day for 10 years is 0.75 pack × 10 years = 7.5 pack-years.
You may also like to solve these questions
After assessment and diagnostic evaluation, it has been determined that the client has a diagnosis of Lyme disease, stage II. The nurse assesses the client for which manifestation that is most indicative of this stage?
- A. Lethargy
- B. Headache
- C. Erythematous rash
- D. Cardiac dysrhythmias
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Stage II of Lyme disease develops within 1 to 3 months in most untreated individuals. The most serious problems in this stage include cardiac dysrhythmias, dyspnea, dizziness, and neurological disorders such as Bell's palsy and paralysis. These problems are not usually permanent. Flulike symptoms (headache and lethargy), muscle pain and stiffness, and a rash appear in stage I.
The nurse provides information to a client diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). What information should the nurse include when discussing foods that contribute to decreased lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure and thus worsen the condition? Select all that apply.
- A. Alcohol
- B. Fatty foods
- C. Citrus fruits
- D. Baked potatoes
- E. Caffeinated beverages
- F. Tomatoes and tomato products
Correct Answer: A,B,C,E,F
Rationale: GERD occurs as a result of the backward flow (reflux) of gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus. The most common cause of GERD is inappropriate relaxation of the LES, which allows the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus and exposes the esophageal mucosa to gastric contents. Factors that influence the tone and contractility of the LES and lower LES pressure include alcohol; fatty foods; citrus fruits; caffeinated beverages such as coffee, tea, and cola; tomatoes and tomato products; chocolate; nicotine in cigarette smoke; calcium channel blockers; nitrates; anticholinergics; high levels of estrogen and progesterone; peppermint and spearmint; and nasogastric tube placement. Baked potatoes would not contribute to worsening the problem.
The nurse is caring for an obese client on a weight loss program. Which method should the nurse use to most accurately assess the program's effectiveness?
- A. Monitor the client's weight.
- B. Monitor the client's intake and output.
- C. Calculate the client's daily caloric intake.
- D. Frequently check the client's serum protein levels.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The most accurate measurement of weight loss is weighing of the client. This should be done at the same time of the day, in the same clothes, and using the same scale. Options 2, 3, and 4 measure nutrition and hydration status but are not associated with effectiveness of the weight loss program.
A client undergoes transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Which solution should the nurse have available postoperatively for continuous bladder irrigation (CBI)?
- A. Sterile water
- B. Sterile normal saline
- C. Sterile Dakin's solution
- D. Sterile water with 5% dextrose
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Continuous bladder irrigation is done after TURP using sterile normal saline, which is isotonic. Sterile water is not used because the solution could be absorbed systemically, precipitating hemolysis and possibly kidney failure. Dakin's solution contains hypochlorite and is used only for wound irrigation in selected circumstances. Solutions containing dextrose are not introduced into the bladder.
The nurse is analyzing an electrocardiogram (ECG) rhythm strip on an assigned client. What should the nurse record as the client's PR interval?
- A. 0.12 second
- B. 0.20 second
- C. 0.24 second
- D. 0.40 second
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Standard ECG graph paper measurements are 0.04 second for each small box on the horizontal axis (measuring time) and 1 mm (measuring voltage) for each small box on the vertical axis.