Nokea
The client who is actively bleeding due to a spontaneous abortion asks the nurse why this is happening. The nurse advises the client that the majority of first-trimester losses are related to which problem?
- A. Cervical incompetence
- B. Chronic maternal disease
- C. Poor implantation
- D. Chromosomal abnormalities
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Chromosomal abnormalities account for the majority of first-trimester spontaneous abortions. Cervical incompetence can result in spontaneous abortion but does not account for the majority. Chronic maternal disease can result in spontaneous abortion but does not account for the majority. Poor implantation can result in spontaneous abortion but does not account for the majority.
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Which sign of labor should the nurse teach the client to report immediately?
- A. Mild, irregular contractions
- B. Increased fetal movement
- C. Rupture of membranes
- D. Occasional backache
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rupture of membranes (water breaking) requires immediate reporting, as it may indicate the onset of labor or risk of infection.
While assessing the breastfeeding mother 24 hours postdelivery, the nurse notes that the client’s breasts are hard and painful. Which interventions should be implemented by the nurse? Select all that apply.
- A. Tell her to feed a small amount from both breasts at each feeding.
- B. Apply ice packs to the breasts at intervals between feedings.
- C. Give supplemental formula at least once in a 24-hour period.
- D. Administer an anti-inflammatory medication prescribed pm.
- E. Apply warm, moist packs to the breasts between feedings.
- F. Pump the breasts as needed to ensure complete emptying.
Correct Answer: B,D,F
Rationale: Moving the baby from the initial breast to the second breast during the feeding, before the initial breast is completely emptied, may result in neither breast being totally emptied and thus promote continued engorgement. Because engorgement is caused, in part, by swelling of the breast tissue surrounding the milk gland ducts, applying ice at intervals between feedings will help to decrease this swelling. Giving supplemental formula, thus limiting the time the baby nurses at the breast, prevents total emptying of the breast and promotes increased engorgement. Administering anti-inflammatory medication will decrease breast pain and inflammation. Because heat application increases blood flow, moist heat packs would exacerbate the engorgement. Pumping the breasts may be necessary if the infant is unable to completely empty both breasts at each feeding. Pumping at this time will not cause a problematic increase in breast milk production.
The nurse is assessing the laboring client who is morbidly obese. The nurse is unable to determine the fetal position. Which action should be performed by the nurse to obtain the most accurate method of determining fetal position in this client?
- A. Inspect the client’s abdomen.
- B. Palpate the client’s abdomen.
- C. Perform a vaginal examination.
- D. Perform transabdominal ultrasound.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Real-time transabdominal ultrasound (US) is the most accurate assessment measure to determine the fetal position and is frequently available in the birthing setting. US images may be used to assess fetal lie, presentation, and position in the morbidly obese client. Inspection of the abdomen can be used to determine fetal position, but because the client is obese, this is not the most accurate method. Palpation of the abdomen can be used to determine fetal position, but because the client is obese, this is not the most accurate method. Vaginal examination can be used to determine fetal position, but because the client is obese, this is not the most accurate method.
Which assessment finding best represents a positive sign of pregnancy?
- A. Palpable fetal outline
- B. Blotchy tan facial skin
- C. Positive pregnancy test
- D. Fetal heartbeat
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A fetal heartbeat, detected by Doppler or ultrasound, is a positive sign of pregnancy, as it directly confirms the presence of a living fetus.
The experienced nurse instructs the new nurse that a vaginal examination should not be performed on the newly admitted client with possible grade 3 abruptio placentae. Which illustration shows the new nurse’s thinking about the uterus of the client with the grade 3 abruptio placentae?
- A. Illustration 1
- B. Illustration 2
- C. Illustration 3
- D. Illustration 4
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Illustration 4 shows severe grade 3 abruptio placentae. More than 50% of the placenta separates with concealed hemorrhage. Illustration 1 shows complete placenta previa and not abruptio placentae. Illustration 2 shows partial placenta previa and not abruptio placentae. Illustration 3 shows mild grade 1 abruptio placentae. Less than 15% of the placenta separates with concealed hemorrhage.