Nokea
The client with type 2 diabetes mellitus is being educated about lifestyle modifications. Which of the following recommendations is appropriate?
- A. Avoiding all forms of physical exercise
- B. Limiting carbohydrate intake to less than 30 grams per day
- C. Increasing physical activity to help control blood glucose levels
- D. Consuming a high-protein, low-fat diet
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is to increase physical activity to help control blood glucose levels. Physical activity is essential in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus as it helps improve insulin sensitivity, control weight, and regulate blood sugar levels. Avoiding all forms of physical exercise (Choice A) is incorrect as exercise plays a crucial role in diabetes management. While limiting carbohydrate intake (Choice B) can be beneficial, setting a strict limit of less than 30 grams per day is too restrictive and may not be suitable for everyone. Consuming a high-protein, low-fat diet (Choice D) is generally a healthy choice, but it is not the primary lifestyle modification recommended for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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A male client with a tentative diagnosis of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) has a history of type 2 diabetes that is being controlled with an oral diabetic agent, tolazamide (Tolinase). Which of the following is the most important laboratory test for confirming this disorder?
- A. Serum potassium level
- B. Serum sodium level
- C. Arterial blood gas (ABG) values
- D. Serum osmolarity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Serum osmolarity is the most important laboratory test for confirming hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS). HHNS is characterized by severe hyperglycemia and dehydration without ketoacidosis. Elevated serum osmolarity indicates increased solute concentration in the blood, which is a hallmark of HHNS. Serum potassium level (Choice A) is important in conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis rather than HHNS. Serum sodium level (Choice B) may be affected in HHNS but is not the primary test for confirming the disorder. Arterial blood gas (ABG) values (Choice C) are more useful in assessing acid-base status, which is not the primary concern in HHNS.
Working in a stressful work environment, nursing requires effective nurse managers. Which of the following skills is necessary for a nurse manager to be effective?
- A. Clinical knowledge
- B. Managerial skills
- C. Patient care coordination
- D. Human resource training
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Managerial skills are crucial for nurse managers to be effective. They need to possess skills such as problem-solving and decision-making to handle various challenges in the healthcare setting. Clinical knowledge (choice A) is important for direct patient care but may not be the primary focus of a manager's role. Patient care coordination (choice C) is vital, but managerial skills are more directly related to a nurse manager's effectiveness. Human resource training (choice D) is helpful but not as essential as managerial skills in ensuring effective leadership in a nursing environment.
Scientific management and human relations-based approach are two major theoretical management schools of thought. Which of the following best describes the scientific model of management?
- A. A nurse manager considers methods of motivating the staff to do their assigned tasks.
- B. A nurse manager commends staff for the work they do, reminding them of the importance of their work and the lives they have saved.
- C. A nurse manager analyzes the role of each staff member on the unit to determine ways to increase efficiency.
- D. A conflict between two staff nurses has impacted an entire unit. The unit manager meets with the nurses and entire staff to promote mutual understanding.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because scientific management focuses on improving efficiency through the analysis of tasks and work processes. Choice A is more aligned with a human relations-based approach, which emphasizes motivation and relationships. Choice B reflects recognition and morale boosting, which is also characteristic of the human relations approach. Choice D involves conflict resolution and promoting mutual understanding, which is related to the human relations approach rather than scientific management.
The client with type 1 DM asks why it is necessary to rotate injection sites when managing insulin therapy. The nurse's best response is:
- A. It helps prevent skin irritation.
- B. It helps prevent scar tissue buildup.
- C. It ensures more consistent insulin absorption.
- D. It makes the injections less painful.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rotating injection sites is necessary to ensure more consistent insulin absorption. This practice helps maintain stable blood glucose levels by preventing the formation of lipohypertrophy (fatty lumps under the skin) at injection sites. Choices A and B are incorrect as the primary purpose of rotating injection sites is not focused on preventing skin irritation or scar tissue buildup. While rotating injection sites may contribute to reducing pain over time, the primary benefit is the consistency in insulin absorption to support glycemic control, making choice D less relevant.
A client with hyperparathyroidism is at risk for which of the following complications?
- A. Hypocalcemia
- B. Osteoporosis
- C. Hypokalemia
- D. Hyponatremia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A client with hyperparathyroidism is at risk for osteoporosis, not hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, or hyponatremia. Hyperparathyroidism results in increased levels of parathyroid hormone, which causes excessive breakdown of bone tissue to release calcium into the bloodstream. This process can lead to weakened bones and an increased risk of osteoporosis. Hypocalcemia is unlikely in hyperparathyroidism as the condition is characterized by elevated calcium levels due to the abnormal activity of the parathyroid glands. Hypokalemia and hyponatremia are not directly associated with hyperparathyroidism; they are more commonly linked to other conditions affecting potassium and sodium levels in the body.