Nokea
The colonic microflora can be considered as 'an organ within an organ'. Which of the following statements best describes the functions of the microbiota?
- A. Measurement of daily dietary fibre intake underestimates the amount of fermentable material entering the colon each day
- B. All of the options given are correct
- C. Acetate, propionate and butyrate are the chief organic acids produced by anaerobic colic fermentation
- D. The establishment of an 'acetate buffer' in the colonic lumen suppresses the growth of some pathogenic bacteria.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the colonic microbiota performs multiple essential functions such as aiding in digestion, producing vitamins, regulating immune function, and maintaining gut barrier integrity. Option A is incorrect as it focuses on dietary fiber intake rather than the microbiota's functions. Option C is incorrect because while acetate, propionate, and butyrate are important organic acids produced, they are not the only ones. Option D is incorrect as the microbiota's establishment of an 'acetate buffer' does not necessarily suppress the growth of all pathogenic bacteria.
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Patients with gastric ulcer typically exhibit the following symptoms:
- A. Epigastric pain worse after eating and weight loss.
- B. Epigastric pain worse before meals, pain awakening patient from sleep, and melena.
- C. Decreased bowel sounds, rigid abdomen, rebound tenderness, and fever.
- D. Boring epigastric pain radiating to back and left shoulder, bluish-gray discoloration of periumbilical area, and ascites.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Gastric ulcers typically present with epigastric pain that worsens before meals, pain that can wake the patient at night, and melena due to gastrointestinal bleeding.
Once absorbed into the epithelial cell of the small intestine, free fatty acids and glycerol are recombined and a protein coat is added to form a
- A. chylomicron.
- B. micelle.
- C. lipoprotein.
- D. fatty droplet.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: chylomicron. After absorption, free fatty acids and glycerol are recombined in the epithelial cell to form triglycerides. These triglycerides are then packaged with proteins to form chylomicrons, which are lipoprotein particles that transport dietary fats through the lymphatic system and bloodstream. Chylomicrons are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins.
Summary:
- B: Micelle is incorrect because micelles are formed in the lumen of the small intestine to aid in the absorption of lipids but do not involve recombination of fatty acids and glycerol.
- C: Lipoprotein is incorrect because while chylomicrons are a type of lipoprotein, the specific process described in the question is not about general lipoprotein formation.
- D: Fatty droplet is incorrect as it does not involve the recombination and protein coating process described in the question.
Which characterizes auscultation of the abdomen?
- A. The presence of borborygmi indicates hyperperistalsis.
- B. The bell of the stethoscope is used to auscultate high-pitched sounds.
- C. High-pitched
- D. rushing
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Borborygmi is the sound of hyperperistalsis often heard when the stomach is actively moving food.
The nurse recognizes that teaching a patient following a laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been effective when the patient makes which statement?
- A. "I can take a shower and walk around the house tomorrow."
- B. "I need to limit my activities and not return to work for 4 weeks."
- C. "I can expect yellowish drainage from the incision for a few days."
- D. "I will follow a low-fat diet for life because I do not have a gallbladder."
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A): The statement "I can take a shower and walk around the house tomorrow" indicates an understanding of post-operative activity expectations. After a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, early ambulation is encouraged to prevent complications like blood clots. Additionally, showering promotes wound healing and hygiene.
Incorrect Choices:
B: "I need to limit my activities and not return to work for 4 weeks" - This choice is incorrect as it overestimates the recovery time for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, which typically allows for a quicker return to normal activities.
C: "I can expect yellowish drainage from the incision for a few days" - While drainage is common after surgery, the color and duration mentioned are not typical for this procedure.
D: "I will follow a low-fat diet for life because I do not have a gallbladder" - Following a low-fat diet is recommended after surgery, but the statement is too extreme as dietary
The patient has been newly diagnosed with Wilson's disease and D-penicillamine, a chelating agent, has been prescribe What assessment finding should the nurse expect?
- A. Pruritus
- B. Acute kidney injury
- C. Corneal Fleischer rings
- D. Elevated serum iron levels
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Corneal Fleischer rings are a characteristic finding in Wilson's disease, caused by copper deposits in the cornea.