Nokea
The correct statement is:
- A. Bacteria synthesize an identical enzyme set
- B. Bacteria synthesize enzymes with various nature and action
- C. Bacteria and viruses synthesize a similar set of enzymes
- D. Viruses are distinguished by a wider range of enzymes than bacteria
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because bacteria synthesize enzymes with various nature and action. This is true because bacteria can produce a wide range of enzymes to carry out different functions such as metabolism, cell wall synthesis, and nutrient acquisition. Option A is incorrect because bacteria do not synthesize identical enzyme sets due to their diverse functions. Option C is incorrect as bacteria and viruses have distinct enzyme profiles. Option D is incorrect as viruses typically have a narrower range of enzymes compared to bacteria. Therefore, the variability in enzyme types and actions produced by bacteria supports the correctness of option B.
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Which bacteria are responsible for causing pneumonia?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D (All of the above) because different bacteria can cause pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, which can lead to pneumonia. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Therefore, all three bacteria can be responsible for causing pneumonia in different contexts. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each bacterium individually can cause pneumonia, so selecting only one option would not cover the full spectrum of bacterial causes of pneumonia.
Which of the following bacteria produce a neurotoxin that affects the nervous system?
- A. Clostridium botulinum
- B. Clostridium tetani
- C. Both A and B
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Both Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani produce neurotoxins. Botulinum toxin affects the nervous system by blocking neurotransmitter release, causing paralysis. Tetanus toxin affects the nervous system by interfering with neurotransmitter release, leading to muscle stiffness and spasms. Therefore, Choice C is correct. Choices A and B alone are incorrect because they only mention one of the bacteria that produces a neurotoxin. Choice D is incorrect because both bacteria mentioned in Choices A and B produce neurotoxins.
A patient with skin mycosis has disorder of cellular immunity. The most typical characteristic of it is reduction of the following index:
- A. T-lymphocytes
- B. Immunoglobulin G
- C. Immunoglobulin E
- D. B-lymphocytes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: T-lymphocytes. In skin mycosis, a disorder of cellular immunity indicates a deficiency in T-lymphocytes, which play a crucial role in cell-mediated immunity. T-lymphocytes are responsible for recognizing and destroying infected cells. Reduction in T-lymphocytes impairs the body's ability to fight fungal infections.
Incorrect choices:
B: Immunoglobulin G - Immunoglobulin G is involved in humoral immunity, not cellular immunity.
C: Immunoglobulin E - Immunoglobulin E is typically associated with allergic responses, not cellular immunity.
D: B-lymphocytes - B-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies in humoral immunity, not directly involved in cell-mediated immunity.
In 8 days after a surgery the patient developed tetanus. The surgeon suspects this condition to be caused by suture material contaminated by tetanus agent. The material is delivered to a bacteriological laboratory. What nutrient medium is required for primary inoculation of the suture material?
- A. Kitt-Tarozzi medium.
- B. Endo agar.
- C. Sabouraud agar.
- D. Egg-yolk salt agar.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Kitt-Tarozzi medium. This medium is used for the primary inoculation of suture material suspected of causing tetanus. The rationale is that Kitt-Tarozzi medium contains the necessary nutrients to support the growth of Clostridium tetani, the bacterium responsible for tetanus. This medium is selective and helps in isolating the specific pathogen from the contaminated suture material.
Summary of other choices:
B: Endo agar is used for the isolation of Gram-negative bacteria from clinical and non-clinical samples.
C: Sabouraud agar is used for the isolation of fungi and yeast.
D: Egg-yolk salt agar is used for the detection of lipase-producing bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus.
Which bacteria are most commonly associated with foodborne illnesses?
- A. Salmonella enterica
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Vibrio cholerae
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all three bacteria (Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae) are commonly associated with foodborne illnesses. Salmonella causes gastroenteritis, E. coli can lead to severe food poisoning, and Vibrio cholerae causes cholera. Therefore, choosing "All of the above" encompasses the most common bacteria linked to foodborne illnesses. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not cover the full range of bacteria typically involved in foodborne illnesses.