The depression or socket in the pelvic bone into which the head of the femur articulates is called
- A. Glenoid fossa
- B. Mandibular fossa
- C. Jugular fossa
- D. Acetabulum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acetabulum. The acetabulum is the depression in the pelvic bone where the head of the femur articulates. This articulation forms the hip joint. The glenoid fossa (A) is found in the scapula and articulates with the head of the humerus, not the femur. The mandibular fossa (B) is located in the temporal bone and articulates with the mandible, not the femur. The jugular fossa (C) is a groove in the temporal bone for the internal jugular vein, not related to the femur articulation. Therefore, the correct choice is D as it accurately describes the anatomical structure where the femur articulates with the pelvic bone.
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Which of the following statements relating to oestrogen are incorrect
- A. Oestrogen has a positive feedback effect on the hypothalamus
- B. Oestrogen stimulates retention of fluid
- C. Oestrogen stimulates growth of ovaries and follicles
- D. Oestrogen stimulates female body configuration
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because oestrogen actually has a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus. When oestrogen levels rise, it signals the hypothalamus to stop producing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which in turn decreases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) production. This negative feedback loop helps regulate the menstrual cycle. Choices B, C, and D are correct statements about oestrogen. Oestrogen does stimulate retention of fluid, growth of ovaries and follicles, and the development of female body characteristics.
Which spermatid phase (spermiogenesis) is distinguished by the presence of PAS positive granules called pro acrosomal granules?
- A. Golgi phase
- B. Cap phase
- C. Acrosome phase
- D. Maturation phase
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Golgi phase. During the Golgi phase of spermiogenesis, the proacrosomal granules are formed from the Golgi apparatus and are PAS positive. These granules will later contribute to the formation of the acrosome in mature sperm. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Cap phase - This phase is characterized by the formation of the acrosomal cap over the nucleus, not the proacrosomal granules.
C: Acrosome phase - This phase involves the elongation and shaping of the acrosome, not the formation of proacrosomal granules.
D: Maturation phase - This phase focuses on the final maturation and condensation of the sperm cell, not the formation of proacrosomal granules.
Oestrogen levels in females
- A. rise after puberty and slowly decline through out a females life
- B. rise and fall every month
- C. is at its highest level during gestation
- D. is at its highest level just after birth
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because oestrogen levels in females rise and fall every month in response to the menstrual cycle. This hormone is produced by the ovaries and plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle. During the menstrual cycle, oestrogen levels increase during the first half of the cycle (follicular phase), peak around ovulation, and then decrease in the second half of the cycle (luteal phase). This cyclical pattern is essential for preparing the uterus for potential pregnancy. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because oestrogen levels do not follow a continuous decline throughout a female's life, peak during gestation, or reach their highest level just after birth.
The female sex of the child involves the following during fecundation:
- A. the spermatozoon should contain the X sex chromosome;
- B. the spermatozoon should contain the Y sex chromosome;
- C. the ovule should contain the contain the Y sex chromosome;
- D. the spermatozoon should contain the X sex chromosome and the ovule should contain the contain the X sex chromosome
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because during fecundation, the female sex of the child is determined by the presence of the X sex chromosome in the spermatozoon and the ovule. This leads to the combination of XX chromosomes, resulting in a female child. Choice A (spermatozoon with X chromosome) alone would lead to a female child, but it requires the ovule to also have an X chromosome for the correct combination. Choice B (spermatozoon with Y chromosome) would result in a male child. Choice C (ovule with Y chromosome) is incorrect as the ovule always contains an X chromosome. Thus, the correct combination for a female child is when the spermatozoon contains the X chromosome and the ovule contains the X chromosome.
The internal male genital organs are represented by the following structures, EXCEPT:
- A. testicles;
- B. deferent ducts;
- C. corpora cavernosa;
- D. bulbourethral glands;
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice C (corpora cavernosa) is correct:
1. Corpora cavernosa are erectile tissue in the penis, not internal male genital organs.
2. Testicles, deferent ducts, and bulbourethral glands are actual internal male genital organs.
3. Corpora cavernosa are involved in penile erection, not in male reproductive system functions.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Testicles - Produces sperm and male sex hormones.
B: Deferent ducts - Transport sperm from the testicles to the urethra.
D: Bulbourethral glands - Produce pre-ejaculatory fluid to lubricate the urethra.