Nokea
The early approach in psychology that fostered the development of modern-day applied psychology was?
- A. Structuralism
- B. Behaviorism
- C. Functionalism
- D. Pragmatism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Functionalism is the correct answer. Functionalism was an early approach in psychology that emphasized the practical applications of psychological research, laying the groundwork for modern-day applied psychology. Structuralism, focusing on the structure of the mind, and Behaviorism, emphasizing observable behaviors, were more theoretical in nature and did not directly lead to applied psychology. Pragmatism is a philosophical approach and not a specific early psychological theory.
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Sandy took part in the April 2013 Boston Marathon, where two bombs were detonated near the finish line, killing three spectators. For approximately 2 weeks after the marathon, Sandy was unable to sleep or concentrate and often found herself reliving the moment she heard the bombs explode. What disorder might Sandy be diagnosed with?
- A. Posttraumatic stress disorder
- B. Phobic disorder
- C. Panic disorder
- D. Acute stress disorder
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sandy might be diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD typically develops after exposure to a traumatic event and is characterized by symptoms such as re-experiencing the event, avoidance of reminders of the event, negative changes in thoughts and mood, and heightened reactivity. While acute stress disorder can occur shortly after a traumatic event, the duration of symptoms in the scenario suggests a more prolonged impact, aligning with PTSD. Phobic disorder and panic disorder are not as closely related to the described symptoms as PTSD.
Professor Immel believes that behaviors that are predominant in certain species probably serve some adaptive function. Professor Immel's beliefs are most consistent with which perspective?
- A. Behavioral perspective.
- B. Cognitive perspective.
- C. Humanistic perspective.
- D. Evolutionary perspective.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Professor Immel's belief that behaviors in certain species serve an adaptive function aligns with the evolutionary perspective. The evolutionary perspective posits that behaviors have developed over time because they provide an advantage for survival and reproduction. This perspective emphasizes the role of natural selection in shaping behaviors based on their adaptive value. Choices A, B, and C do not specifically address the idea that behaviors have evolved to serve specific functions for survival, making them inconsistent with Professor Immel's beliefs.
Which characteristics are associated with adults fixated in the anal stage?
- A. Orderliness, obstinacy, or messiness
- B. Fixated in the oral stage
- C. Dissolves the electra complex
- D. Triggers penis envy, which then dissolves the female oedipus complex
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Orderliness, obstinacy, or messiness.' According to Freud's psychosexual theory, fixation in the anal stage can lead to these characteristics in adulthood. Choice B is incorrect as fixation in the oral stage is associated with issues related to dependency and aggression. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to the Electra complex, which is not related to the anal stage fixation. Choice D is incorrect as it refers to penis envy and the female Oedipus complex, which are not directly related to characteristics of adults fixated in the anal stage.
Which term refers to events that typically happen to everyone at certain times of life?
- A. Normative age-graded influence
- B. Social clock
- C. Sensitive period
- D. Normative history-graded influences
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Normative age-graded influence. Normative age-graded influences are events that typically happen to everyone at certain life stages, such as marriage, parenthood, puberty, and menopause. Choice B, 'Social clock,' refers to the culturally preferred timing of social events. Choice C, 'Sensitive period,' represents a time when a particular development occurs most easily. Choice D, 'Normative history-graded influences,' are common to people of a particular generation due to historical circumstances.
What is the term for a fluid-filled sac in which the baby floats until just before it is born?
- A. Amnion
- B. Placenta
- C. Umbilical cord
- D. Embryo
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amnion. The amnion is a fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the developing fetus in the womb. It acts as a cushion, maintaining a stable temperature and protecting the fetus from external pressure. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the placenta is an organ that provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removes waste products, the umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta to facilitate nutrient exchange, and an embryo is an early stage of development before it becomes a fetus.