Nokea
The end products of digestion of macronutrients include fatty acids, amino acids, and:
- A. monosaccharides.
- B. polysaccharides.
- C. enzymes.
- D. cholesterol.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: monosaccharides. When macronutrients like carbohydrates are digested, they are broken down into simpler forms. Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides, proteins into amino acids, and fats into fatty acids. Therefore, the end products of carbohydrate digestion are monosaccharides. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because polysaccharides are larger carbohydrate molecules, enzymes are not the end products of digestion but rather aid in the process, and cholesterol is not a direct end product of macronutrient digestion.
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Which hormone stimulates the gallbladder to contract?
- A. Secretin.
- B. Cholecystokinin (CCK).
- C. Gastrin.
- D. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP).
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cholecystokinin (CCK) is the hormone responsible for stimulating the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the small intestine. Secretin primarily acts on the pancreas to stimulate the secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluid. Gastrin functions in the stimulation of gastric acid secretion, while Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) plays a role in inhibiting gastric acid secretion and stimulating insulin release.
Which component of fat can be used to make glucose through gluconeogenesis?
- A. Glycogen
- B. Fatty acids
- C. Glycerol
- D. Monoglyceride
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Glycerol.' Glycerol, a component of fat, can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis. Glycogen (Choice A) is a polysaccharide stored in animals, not a component of fat. Fatty acids (Choice B) are used primarily for energy production through beta-oxidation, not for gluconeogenesis. Monoglyceride (Choice D) is a molecule formed during fat digestion, but it is not the component of fat that can be used to make glucose.
What are the small, fingerlike projections into the intestinal lumen called?
- A. Villi
- B. Goblets
- C. Lacteals
- D. Polyps
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Villi. Villi are small fingerlike projections in the intestine that increase the surface area for nutrient absorption. Goblets (choice B) are mucus-secreting cells in the intestines. Lacteals (choice C) are lymphatic vessels in the small intestine that absorb dietary fats. Polyps (choice D) are abnormal tissue growths.
Which term describes the amino acids that are synthesized by the body?
- A. essential amino acids.
- B. nonessential amino acids.
- C. complete amino acids.
- D. incomplete amino acids.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: nonessential amino acids. Nonessential amino acids can be synthesized by the body, so they do not need to be obtained through the diet. Essential amino acids, choice A, must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot produce them. Choices C and D, complete and incomplete amino acids respectively, do not accurately describe the classification of amino acids based on synthesis by the body.
The type of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) that develops when the diet lacks protein is called:
- A. kwashiorkor.
- B. marasmus.
- C. anemia.
- D. beriberi.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor is a form of protein-energy malnutrition that arises due to a protein-deficient diet. This condition leads to symptoms such as edema, skin lesions, and fatty liver. Choice B, marasmus, is a form of PEM caused by overall malnutrition (protein and calorie deficiency), resulting in severe wasting and muscle loss. Choice C, anemia, is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, not specifically related to protein deficiency. Choice D, beriberi, is a disease caused by thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency, not a form of PEM related to protein deficiency.