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The endocrine gland responsible for the body’s circadian rhythm is:
- A. Thymus
- B. Pineal
- C. Parathyroid
- D. Pituitary
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pineal gland. The pineal gland secretes melatonin, a hormone that regulates the body's circadian rhythm. Melatonin helps control the sleep-wake cycle, making the pineal gland crucial for maintaining our internal body clock. The other choices, Thymus, Parathyroid, and Pituitary glands, are not directly involved in regulating circadian rhythms. Thymus is responsible for immune function, Parathyroid regulates calcium levels, and Pituitary gland controls various hormones but not specifically circadian rhythm. Hence, the pineal gland is the correct choice for this question.
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Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands in that .
- A. endocrine glands are formed by epithelial tissue, but exocrine glands are primarily connective tissue
- B. endocrine glands release hormones, whereas exocrine glands release waste
- C. endocrine glands are ductless and exocrine glands release secretions at the body's surface or into ducts
- D. endocrine glands are all interconnected, whereas exocrine glands act completely independently
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
1. Endocrine glands are ductless: Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream instead of using ducts.
2. Exocrine glands release secretions at the body's surface or into ducts: Exocrine glands release their secretions through ducts to the body's surface or specific locations.
3. Therefore, the key difference is the presence of ducts: Endocrine glands lack ducts, while exocrine glands have ducts for secretion. This distinction makes choice C the correct answer.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. Endocrine glands and exocrine glands can both be formed by epithelial tissue.
B: Incorrect. Exocrine glands release enzymes and other substances, not waste products.
D: Incorrect. There is no interconnection requirement for endocrine glands, and exocrine glands can also be interconnected.
Why can a single endocrine hormone produce a wider spread of responses in more of the body than a single nerve cell?
- A. A single hormone can target many different responses, whereas a nerve only targets a single response.
- B. Blood can carry all the same hormones throughout the body simultaneously, producing responses all over the body; nerve cells can only target a small number of cells.
- C. Nerve cells and blood work together. The endocrine has nothing to do with the nervous system.
- D. Endocrine hormones only target a very small number of precise responses.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the bloodstream can carry hormones throughout the body simultaneously, reaching various target cells and organs. This enables a single endocrine hormone to produce responses in multiple parts of the body. In contrast, nerve cells can only target a limited number of cells through direct connections. Choice A is incorrect because endocrine hormones can also target multiple responses, not just one. Choice C is incorrect as the endocrine system and nervous system can interact. Choice D is incorrect as endocrine hormones can have broad effects on multiple target cells.
A patient with diabetes insipidus is treated with nasal desmopressin acetate (DDAVP). The nurse determines that the drug is not having an adequate therapeutic effect when the patient experiences
- A. Headache and weight gain.
- B. A urine specific gravity of 1.002.
- C. Nasal irritation and nausea.
- D. An oral intake greater than urinary output.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: If the drug is not effective, the patient's urine specific gravity will remain low (1.002), indicating continued inability to concentrate urine.
Which drug is most likely to cause muscle tremor:
- A. Ipratropium
- B. Terbutaline
- C. Atenolol
- D. Nicotinic acid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Terbutaline. Terbutaline is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator. It can stimulate beta-2 receptors in skeletal muscle, leading to muscle tremors as a common side effect. Ipratropium (A) is an anticholinergic bronchodilator and typically does not cause muscle tremors. Atenolol (C) is a beta-blocker and is not associated with muscle tremors. Nicotinic acid (D) is used to treat dyslipidemia and does not commonly cause muscle tremors. Therefore, Terbutaline is the most likely drug to cause muscle tremor among the options provided.
A diabetic patient presents with hot and dry skin, rapid and deep respirations, and a fruity odor to his breath. As charge nurse, you observe the new graduate RN accomplishing all these patient tasks. Which one requires that you intervene immediately?
- A. The RN checks the patient's fingerstick glucose.
- B. The RN encourages the patient to drink orange juice.
- C. The RN checks the patient's order for sliding scale insulin.
- D. The RN assesses the patient's vital signs every 15 minutes.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Encouraging the patient to drink orange juice in the presence of rapid, deep breathing, and fruity breath odor could worsen DKA. The patient needs immediate medical intervention, including IV fluids and insulin, rather than oral intake.