Nokea
The federal body that determines whether a drug is considered a controlled substance and to which schedule it belongs is the
- A. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
- B. Federal Trade Commission (FTC).
- C. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).
- D. U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP).
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The DEA (C) regulates controlled substances and schedules, requiring prescriber numbers, per the text, making it correct. FDA (A) approves drugs, FTC (B) regulates trade, and USP (D) ensures purity—none handle scheduling, confirming C.
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Which of these drug combinations is most effective at treating fulminant C. difficile infection?
- A. Clarithromycin / doxycycline
- B. Linezolid / metronidazole
- C. Doxycycline / benzylpenicillin
- D. Vancomycin / metronidazole
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Vancomycin and metronidazole (Choice D) are guideline-recommended for severe C. difficile, targeting the bacteria effectively, making it correct. Clarithromycin/doxycycline (Choice A), linezolid/metronidazole (Choice B), and doxycycline/benzylpenicillin (Choice C) lack evidence or specificity for fulminant C. diff, confirming D.
Which drug is contraindicated in patients with a history of angioedema?
- A. Beta-blockers
- B. ACE inhibitors
- C. Diuretics
- D. Nitrates
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: B' is correct because ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in angioedema history due to bradykinin accumulation risk, a severe allergic reaction, per pharmacology. 'A' (beta-blockers), 'C' (diuretics), and 'D' (nitrates) don't cause this. Prior angioedema, often from ACEIs, necessitates avoiding them.
The agency responsible for the efficacy, purity, and safety of medications is the
- A. DEA
- B. FDA
- C. BNDD
- D. none of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The FDA is correct because it ensures medications meet standards for efficacy (therapeutic effect), purity (free from contaminants), and safety (minimal risk) through testing and regulation. The DEA enforces controlled substances laws, not these qualities. The BNDD (Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs) was a predecessor to the DEA, dissolved in 1973, and irrelevant here. 'None of the above' is wrong because the FDA's role is well-established under the Department of Health and Human Services, making it the definitive agency for these responsibilities.
The volume of distribution (Vd) is the:
- A. Accumulation of substances in a fat tissue.
- B. Binding of substances with plasma proteins.
- C. An uncharged drug reaching the systemic circulation.
- D. The amount of a drug in the body to the concentration of a drug in plasma.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: D' is correct because Vd is a pharmacokinetic parameter defined as the theoretical volume a drug occupies, calculated as total drug amount divided by plasma concentration. 'A' and 'B' affect Vd but aren't its definition. 'C' relates to bioavailability, not Vd. 'D' matches the standard formula (Vd = Amount/Concentration), used in pharmacology to assess drug distribution.
Which of the following processes in the kidney can result in retention of a drug in the body?
- A. Glomerular filtration
- B. Active tubular secretion
- C. Passive tubular diffusion
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Passive tubular diffusion (C) allows reabsorption, retaining drugs, per the text, making it correct. A and B promote excretion, D is too broad, confirming C.