medical microbiology test bank

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The female reproductive system includes the following organs/structures:

  • A. Ovaries, kidneys, uterus, vagina
  • B. Uterus, vagina, bladder, duodenum
  • C. Bladder, ureter, vagina, uterus
  • D. Uterus, ovaries, vagina, fallopian tubes
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the female reproductive system consists of the uterus, ovaries, vagina, and fallopian tubes. The ovaries produce eggs, the fallopian tubes transport the eggs to the uterus, where fertilization can occur. The vagina is the birth canal and where sperm is deposited during intercourse. The uterus is where a fertilized egg implants and a fetus develops.

Choice A is incorrect because it includes the kidneys, which are part of the urinary system, not the reproductive system.

Choice B is incorrect because it includes the bladder and duodenum, which are part of the urinary and digestive systems, respectively, not the reproductive system.

Choice C is incorrect because it includes the bladder and ureter, which are part of the urinary system, not the reproductive system.

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Francisella tularensis is:

  • A. Gram-positive coccobacillus
  • B. gram-negative coccus
  • C. gram-negative bacterium
  • D. Gram-negative coccobacillus
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Gram-negative coccobacillus. Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative coccobacillus because it has a unique shape that is between a coccus (spherical) and a bacillus (rod-shaped) and it stains pink/red in the Gram staining process. It is important to note that it is not a coccus (choice B) or a Gram-positive bacterium (choice A). Choice C is too general and does not specify the coccobacillus shape of F. tularensis. So, the correct answer is D due to its specific characteristics as a Gram-negative coccobacillus.

Which of the following bacteria produces a toxin that causes severe diarrhea?

  • A. Clostridium difficile
  • B. Vibrio cholerae
  • C. Escherichia coli
  • D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because all three bacteria listed can produce toxins that cause severe diarrhea. Clostridium difficile produces toxins that can lead to antibiotic-associated diarrhea, Vibrio cholerae produces a toxin that causes cholera, and certain strains of Escherichia coli produce toxins that result in severe diarrhea. Therefore, choosing option D is correct because all the mentioned bacteria can cause severe diarrhea. Options A, B, and C are incorrect individually because each bacterium listed can produce a toxin resulting in severe diarrhea.

A patient consulted a dentist about limited (restricted) mouth opening (trismus). He has a history of a stab wound of the lower extremity. What infection may cause these symptoms?

  • A. Tetanus
  • B. Brucellosis
  • C. Whooping cough
  • D. Wound anaerobic infection
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tetanus. Tetanus is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which produces a neurotoxin leading to muscle stiffness, including trismus (restricted mouth opening). The patient's history of a stab wound increases the likelihood of tetanus infection due to the spores entering the body through the wound.

Incorrect Choices:
B: Brucellosis does not typically present with trismus and is more commonly associated with fever, joint pain, and fatigue.
C: Whooping cough presents with severe coughing fits but does not cause trismus.
D: Wound anaerobic infection may cause localized symptoms at the wound site but is less likely to cause trismus compared to tetanus.

Which bacteria produce a toxin that causes botulism?

  • A. Clostridium tetani
  • B. Clostridium botulinum
  • C. Staphylococcus aureus
  • D. Bacillus anthracis
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Clostridium botulinum. This bacterium produces the botulinum toxin, which causes botulism by blocking nerve functions. Clostridium tetani causes tetanus, not botulism. Staphylococcus aureus produces toxins that cause food poisoning, not botulism. Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, not botulism. Therefore, the correct choice is Clostridium botulinum because it is the specific bacterium responsible for producing the toxin that leads to botulism.

Bacterial spores are resistant to harsh conditions due to:

  • A. their lipid-rich membranes
  • B. presence of calcium dipicolinate
  • C. rapid metabolism
  • D. high water content
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the presence of calcium dipicolinate in bacterial spores helps protect their DNA from damage under harsh conditions. Calcium dipicolinate acts as a stabilizer, preserving the spore structure.

Choice A is incorrect as bacterial spores have a tough protein coat, not a lipid-rich membrane. Choice C is incorrect as bacterial spores have very low metabolic activity. Choice D is incorrect as bacterial spores have low water content to prevent damage during harsh conditions.