Nokea
The first permanent tooth to erupt is
- A. central incisor at 6 years
- B. molar at 6 years
- C. premolar lower canine at 6-7 years
- D. upper canine at 6-7 years
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The first molar typically erupts at 6 years.
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The pediatric nurse cares for a patient who has undergone a hydrocele repair. While assessing the patient, the nurse notices that the scrotum is swollen and discolored. These findings are:
- A. abnormal, and indicate the need for a cool compress.
- B. abnormal, and indicate the presence of hemorrhaging.
- C. normal, and indicate no need for intervention.
- D. normal, and indicate the need for a position change.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Swelling and discoloration after hydrocele repair are typically normal postoperative findings and do not require immediate intervention unless excessive or worsening.
A client seeks medical evaluation for fatigue, night sweats, and a 20-lb weight loss in 6 weeks. To confirm that the client has been infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the nurse expects the physician to order:
- A. E-rosette immunofluorescence
- B. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- C. Quantification of T-lymphocytes (ELISA)
- D. Western blot test with ELISA
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The confirmatory test for HIV infection is a Western blot test. However, before a Western blot test is conducted, an initial screening test with high sensitivity, such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), is typically performed. ELISA is used to detect the presence of HIV antibodies in the blood. If the ELISA test is positive, a Western blot test is then performed to confirm the presence of specific HIV antibodies. The Western blot test is a more specific test for HIV antibodies and is used to confirm the diagnosis. Therefore, in this case, the physician would most likely order a Western blot test following a positive ELISA test to confirm the client's HIV infection.
Mr. Mariano was on his way home from a party. Apparently, he got drunk and lost his balance and suffered a vehicular accident. Upon arrival at the hospital, the nurse noticed that his only injury is an open fracture of the left humerus. Which assessment finding by the nurse is critical?
- A. status of client's tetanus immunization
- B. current blood alcohol level
- C. support systems available at home to assist with care
- D. last time client voided
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In this situation where Mr. Mariano has an open fracture of the left humerus, the nurse's critical assessment finding should be the status of the client's tetanus immunization. An open fracture poses a risk of infection, and tetanus is a concern due to the potential exposure to bacteria from the environment causing tetanus. Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection that affects the nervous system and can be fatal if not treated promptly. Knowing the client's tetanus immunization status will help determine the need for a tetanus booster to prevent this potentially life-threatening infection. Blood alcohol level, support systems at home, and voiding time are important assessments as well, but in the case of an open fracture, the priority is to assess the risk of tetanus infection.
Although children with Wilms tumor have a favorable prognosis, there are some adverse prognostic factors in children with Wilms tumor EXCEPT
- A. large tumors
- B. anaplastic histology
- C. loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 1p and 16q
- D. young age at diagnosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Young age at diagnosis is generally associated with a favorable prognosis.
Which part of the brain controls breathing?
- A. Medulla
- B. Cerebrum
- C. Cerebellum
- D. Thalamus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The medulla oblongata, located in the brainstem, is responsible for controlling essential autonomic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. Specifically, the medulla regulates the rhythm and depth of breathing by sending signals to the respiratory muscles, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. In response to changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, the medulla adjusts the breathing rate to maintain proper oxygenation of the body tissues. Damage to the medulla can result in respiratory failure, highlighting its critical role in controlling breathing.