Nokea
The following are known to be causes of hepatitis except:
- A. virus
- B. toxin
- C. bacteria
- D. chemicals and drugs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: bacteria. Hepatitis is primarily caused by viruses (such as Hepatitis A, B, C), toxins (like alcohol or certain medications), and chemicals/drugs. Bacteria do not typically cause hepatitis as it is a viral infection that affects the liver. Therefore, choice C is the exception among the listed causes. Viruses directly target liver cells, toxins can damage the liver, and certain chemicals/drugs can lead to liver inflammation. Hence, bacteria do not play a significant role in causing hepatitis.
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A patient with a history of haemophilia A arrives in the emergency department complaining of a “funny feeling” in his elbow. The patient states that he thinks he is bleeding into the joint. Which response by the nurse is correct?
- A. Palpate the patient’s elbow to assess for swelling.
- B. Notify the physician immediately and expect an order for factor VIII.
- C. Prepare the patient for an x-ray examination to determine whether bleeding is occurring.
- D. Apply heat to the patient’s elbow and wait for the physician to examine the patient.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct response is B: Notify the physician immediately and expect an order for factor VIII. In a patient with hemophilia A, which is a deficiency of clotting factor VIII, bleeding into a joint can lead to serious complications. The nurse should notify the physician promptly because the patient may need factor VIII replacement therapy to stop the bleeding and prevent further damage. This is a medical emergency requiring timely intervention.
Choices A, C, and D are incorrect:
A: Palpating the elbow could exacerbate the bleeding and cause further damage.
C: Ordering an x-ray would delay the crucial factor VIII replacement therapy needed to manage the bleeding.
D: Applying heat can increase blood flow to the joint, worsening the bleeding.
Inhalation of carbogen for short period is recommended:
- A. To stimulate respiration
- B. To dilate blood vessels
- C. To dislodge the blood clot
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Carbogen is a gas mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Inhaling carbogen can stimulate respiration due to increased oxygen levels and carbon dioxide acting as a respiratory stimulant. It can also dilate blood vessels, enhancing oxygen delivery to tissues. Additionally, carbogen can help dislodge blood clots by improving blood flow and oxygenation. Therefore, all the choices (A, B, and C) are correct as inhaling carbogen can have multiple beneficial effects on respiration, blood vessels, and blood clot dislodging.
A patient with a spinal cord injury is seeking to enhance urinary elimination abilities by learning self- catheterization versus assisted catheterization by home health nurses and family members. The nurse adds Readiness for enhanced urinary elimination in the care plan. Which type of diagnosis did the nurse write?
- A. Risk
- B. Problem focused
- C. Health promotion
- D. Collaborative problem
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Health promotion. The nurse wrote a diagnosis related to enhancing the patient's urinary elimination abilities through self-catheterization, which focuses on promoting the patient's health and well-being. The Readiness for enhanced urinary elimination diagnosis indicates the patient's motivation and readiness to improve their urinary elimination abilities, aligning with the concept of health promotion. This type of diagnosis acknowledges the patient's potential for growth and improvement in their health status.
Incorrect choices:
A: Risk - This choice would be more appropriate if the diagnosis focused on potential complications or adverse events related to the patient's urinary elimination abilities.
B: Problem focused - This choice would be suitable if the diagnosis identified an existing issue or problem with the patient's urinary elimination abilities that needed to be addressed.
D: Collaborative problem - This choice would be relevant if the diagnosis required collaboration between healthcare providers to manage the patient's urinary elimination abilities effectively.
A client who is HIV positive should have the mouth examined for which oral problem common associated with AIDS?
- A. Halitosis
- B. Creamy white patches
- C. Carious teeth
- D. Swollen lips
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Creamy white patches. These patches are indicative of oral thrush, a common fungal infection seen in individuals with weakened immune systems like those with AIDS. This infection is caused by Candida albicans. It presents as white patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, or roof of the mouth. Halitosis (A) is bad breath, not specific to AIDS. Carious teeth (C) refers to cavities, not directly related to AIDS. Swollen lips (D) can be a symptom of various oral conditions, but not specific to AIDS. In summary, creamy white patches are a characteristic oral problem associated with AIDS due to opportunistic infections like oral thrush.
A nurse has already set the agenda during a patient-centered interview. What will the nurse do next?
- A. Begin with introductions.
- B. Ask about the chief concerns or problems.
- C. Explain that the interview will be over in a few minutes.
- D. Tell the patient “I will be back to administer medications in 1 hour.”
Correct Answer:
Rationale: Correct Answer: B: Ask about the chief concerns or problems.
Rationale:
1. Asking about chief concerns helps to focus the interview on the patient's needs.
2. It demonstrates active listening and empathy.
3. Allows the nurse to prioritize issues and provide appropriate care.
4. Introductions are already done, and ending the interview abruptly or mentioning medication timing is not patient-centered.