Nokea
The following are recognised features of achondroplasia:
- A. Shortened spine
- B. Increased liability to pathological fractures
- C. Can be diagnosed radiologically at birth
- D. Infertility
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Achondroplasia can be diagnosed radiologically at birth. The spine is not shortened, fractures are not increased, and infertility is not a feature.
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The following are associated with an increased risk of fetal abnormalities:
- A. Oligohydramnios
- B. A previous sibling with anencephaly
- C. Paternal diabetes
- D. Decreased a-fetoprotein level
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A previous sibling with anencephaly increases the risk of fetal abnormalities, particularly neural tube defects, in subsequent pregnancies.
Two days following abdominal surgery a client begins to report cramping abdominal pain, and the nurse's inspection of the abdomen indicates slight distention. Which action should the nurse implement first?
- A. Encourage the client to ambulate
- B. Offer ice chips or warm liquids
- C. Auscultate the client's abdomen
- D. Assess the client's temperature
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Auscultating the abdomen will help determine if there are any signs of bowel obstruction or ileus, which can cause the distension.
In autism:
- A. Social interaction is normal
- B. Dopamine levels are reduced
- C. Genetic factors may play a role in aetiology
- D. Methylphenidate is used with benefit
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Genetic factors may play a role in aetiology: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has a strong genetic component, with numerous genes contributing to its development, although environmental factors may also play a role.
Rare causes of bloody diarrhoea include:
- A. Campylobacter infection
- B. Peutz-Jegher's syndrome
- C. Enterotoxigenic E. coli
- D. Crohn's disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rare causes of bloody diarrhoea include conditions like Peutz-Jegher's syndrome which is a genetic disorder causing polyps in the gastrointestinal tract. Campylobacter Shigella and Enterotoxigenic E. coli are common causes of infectious diarrhoea while Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition.
What does the nurse explain that a ventricular septal defect will allow?
- A. Blood to shunt left to right, causing increased pulmonary flow and no cyanosis
- B. Blood to shunt right to left, causing decreased pulmonary flow and cyanosis
- C. No shunting because of high pressure in the left ventricle
- D. Increased pressure in the left atrium, impeding circulation of oxygenated blood in the circulating volume
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pulmonary blood flow is increased when a ventricular septal defect exists. The blood shifts from left to right because of the higher pressure in the left ventricle. This particular shift does not cause cyanosis.