Nokea
The following drug is used for oral treatment of trichomonas vaginitis: *
- A. Diiodohydroxyquin
- B. Tinidazole
- C. Clotrimazole
- D. Ketoconazole
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Tinidazole. This drug is used for oral treatment of trichomonas vaginitis due to its high efficacy against the parasite. Tinidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic that targets anaerobic organisms like Trichomonas vaginalis. Diiodohydroxyquin (A) is used for amoebiasis, not trichomonas. Clotrimazole (C) and Ketoconazole (D) are antifungal medications and not effective against trichomonas parasites.
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The first step in urine production
- A. is called reabsorption.
- B. moves water and solutes from the renal tubules into the peritubular capillaries.
- C. is called secretion.
- D. occurs as water and solutes move from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsul
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the first step in urine production occurs as water and solutes move from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule during the process of filtration. This initial step involves the passive movement of water and small solutes through the filtration membrane in the glomerulus. Reabsorption (choice A) occurs later in the process when useful substances are reclaimed from the filtrate. Choice B is incorrect as it describes the process of reabsorption, not the initial step. Choice C is also incorrect as secretion is the process of actively transporting substances from the blood into the renal tubules, not the first step in urine production.
Generally, the changes normally associated with menopause occur because the cells in the reproductive tract are:
- A. Aging.
- B. Becoming fibrous.
- C. Estrogen dependent.
- D. Able to respond to estrogen.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Estrogen dependent. During menopause, the changes in the reproductive tract are primarily due to the decline in estrogen levels. Estrogen plays a crucial role in regulating the menstrual cycle and maintaining the health of the reproductive tissues. As estrogen levels decrease, it leads to various symptoms and changes associated with menopause. Choices A and B are incorrect as they do not directly relate to the hormonal changes that occur during menopause. Choice D is incorrect because during menopause, the cells in the reproductive tract become less responsive to estrogen due to the decline in estrogen levels.
Each kidney contains about a million and stored in the pituitary gland
- A. ADH plays a key role in the homeostatic filtration apparatus called: process called osmoregulation
- B. the distal tubule
- C. the proximal tubule
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: ADH plays a key role in the homeostatic filtration apparatus called the process called osmoregulation. ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, regulates water balance by controlling the permeability of the collecting duct in the kidney nephrons. This controls the concentration of urine produced. The other choices, B and C, refer to specific parts of the kidney tubules and are not related to the role of ADH in osmoregulation. Choice D is incomplete and does not provide any relevant information. Therefore, A is the correct choice as it directly relates to the function of ADH in maintaining water balance within the body.
Which antileprosy drug that both suppresses lepra reaction and reversal * reaction?:
- A. Dapsone
- B. Rifampin
- C. Clofazimine
- D. Minocycline
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Clofazimine is the correct answer because it is known to suppress both lepra reaction and reversal reaction in leprosy treatment.
Step 2: Dapsone is mainly used to treat leprosy but does not specifically target lepra reaction.
Step 3: Rifampin is effective against leprosy but does not have a direct impact on lepra reactions.
Step 4: Minocycline can be used in leprosy treatment but does not have the same dual action as clofazimine.
Which antibiotic course is inappropriate for clinical scenario?
- A. Acute simple cystitis - trimethoprim for 3 days in otherwise well young women.
- B. Acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis - gentamycin + amoxicillin IV initially followed by 7 days of Augmentin orally.
- C. Pregnancy associated cystitis - nitrofurantoin 5 mg QID for 14 days.
- D. Acute simple cystitis in male patients - Augmentin or trimethoprim for 14 days.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the antibiotic regimen for acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis should not include gentamycin due to its potential toxicity and nephrotoxicity. The initial use of IV gentamycin is not recommended for uncomplicated pyelonephritis. The combination of gentamycin and amoxicillin is not the standard treatment for this condition. Gentamycin should be reserved for more serious infections. The choice of Augmentin for 7 days orally is also not the standard of care for pyelonephritis. The other choices (A, C, D) are appropriate antibiotic regimens for the corresponding clinical scenarios.