Nokea
The following viruses are referred to the Filoviridae family:
- A. Lassa virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses
- B. Chikungunya virus and Sindbis virus
- C. Marburg virus and Ebola virus
- D. Crimean-Congo virus and Hantaan virus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The Filoviridae family includes Marburg virus and Ebola virus.
2. Both viruses are characterized by filamentous, enveloped structure.
3. They cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans.
4. Lassa virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses belong to Arenaviridae.
5. Chikungunya virus and Sindbis virus are alphaviruses.
6. Crimean-Congo virus and Hantaan virus are bunyaviruses.
7. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
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During examination of the patient's oral cavity a dentist noticed deformation of the teeth and a crescent indentation of the upper right incisor. The teeth are undersized, barrel-shaped – tooth cervix is wider than its edge. The patient uses a hearing aid, suffers from visual impairment. What type of syphilis affects teeth in such way?
- A. Primary
- B. Early congenital
- C. Neurosyphilis
- D. Late congenital
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Late congenital syphilis. This is because the patient presents with Hutchinson's teeth, which are a characteristic feature of late congenital syphilis. Hutchinson's teeth are small, barrel-shaped teeth with a wider cervix and notched incisors. The patient's history of visual impairment and hearing aid use also support the diagnosis of late congenital syphilis, as these are common manifestations of this stage of the disease.
Choice A, Primary syphilis, is incorrect because it typically presents with a painless sore at the site of infection, not dental abnormalities. Choice B, Early congenital syphilis, is incorrect as dental abnormalities in this stage are usually more severe, such as mulberry molars. Choice C, Neurosyphilis, is incorrect as it primarily affects the central nervous system and does not typically present with dental abnormalities.
Which of the following scientists performed the first vaccination against smallpox?
- A. Pasteur
- B. Jenner
- C. Semmelweis
- D. Koch
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Jenner. Edward Jenner performed the first vaccination against smallpox in 1796 by using cowpox virus to immunize individuals. He observed that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox did not get smallpox, leading to the development of the smallpox vaccine. Pasteur is known for germ theory, Semmelweis for handwashing in healthcare, and Koch for identifying the causative agents of diseases. However, none of them performed the first smallpox vaccination like Jenner.
Which of the following bacteria produce endotoxins?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Clostridium tetani
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Escherichia coli. E. coli is a gram-negative bacterium, which means it has an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as endotoxins. Endotoxins are released when the bacterium is destroyed, causing an inflammatory response.
Streptococcus pneumoniae (choice A) is a gram-positive bacterium and does not produce endotoxins. Clostridium tetani (choice B) produces exotoxins, not endotoxins. Staphylococcus aureus (choice D) is also a gram-positive bacterium and does not produce endotoxins.
In summary, E. coli is the correct answer because it is a gram-negative bacterium that produces endotoxins, while the other choices are gram-positive bacteria that do not produce endotoxins.
The only way to get energy in haematrophic bacteria is:
- A. Heat production
- B. Biological oxidation
- C. In biosynthetic reactions
- D. Cultivation in culture media
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Biological oxidation. Haematrophic bacteria obtain energy through biological oxidation, where they break down organic compounds to generate ATP for cellular processes. This process involves the transfer of electrons from the substrate to an electron transport chain to produce energy. Heat production (A) is a byproduct of metabolism, not the primary way to obtain energy. In biosynthetic reactions (C), energy is utilized rather than generated. Cultivation in culture media (D) is a method of growing bacteria but does not directly provide energy. Therefore, the correct answer is B as it aligns with the metabolic process of haematrophic bacteria.
A laboratory received a sample of water used in drug production for sanitary and viral analysis. What group of viruses will indicate fecal contamination of water and thus the need for its additional purification?
- A. Picornaviridae
- B. Herpesviridae
- C. Flaviviridae
- D. Retroviridae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Picornaviridae. Picornaviruses, such as enteroviruses, are commonly found in the feces of infected individuals. Therefore, their presence in water indicates fecal contamination and the need for additional purification.
B: Herpesviridae are not typically associated with fecal contamination.
C: Flaviviridae are mainly transmitted through arthropods like mosquitoes, not fecal contamination.
D: Retroviridae, including HIV, are not typically excreted in high levels in feces and are not indicators of fecal contamination.