Nokea
The guide words at the top of a dictionary page are considerable and conspicuous. Which of the following words is an entry on this page?
- A. consonantal
- B. consumption
- C. conserve
- D. conquistador
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is "C: conserve." In a dictionary page where the guide words are "considerable" and "conspicuous," the word "conserve" would be an entry as it falls alphabetically within those guide words. Choice A, "consonantal," starts with a different letter, so it would not be located between the guide words. Choice B, "consumption," also starts with a different letter and would not be between the guide words. Choice D, "conquistador," starts with a different letter and is also far from the guide words alphabetically, making it an incorrect entry on this particular page.
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Most scientists agree that while the scientific method is an invaluable methodological tool, it is not a failsafe method for arriving at objective truth. It is debatable, for example, whether a hypothesis can actually be confirmed by evidence.
When a hypothesis is of the form “All x are y,†it is commonly believed that a piece of evidence that is both x and y confirms the hypothesis. For example, for the hypothesis “All monkeys are hairy,†a particular monkey that is hairy is thought to be a confirming piece of evidence for the hypothesis. A problem arises when one encounters evidence that disproves a hypothesis: while no scientist would argue that one piece of evidence proves a hypothesis, it is possible for one piece of evidence to disprove a hypothesis. To return to the monkey example, one hairless monkey out of one billion hairy monkeys disproves the hypothesis “All monkeys are hairy.†Single pieces of evidence, then, seem to affect a given hypothesis in radically different ways. For this reason, the confirmation of hypotheses is better described as probabilistic.
Hypotheses that can only be proven or disproven based on evidence need to be based on probability because sample sets for such hypotheses are too large. In the monkey example, every single monkey in the history of monkeys would need to be examined before the hypothesis could be proven or disproven. By making confirmation a function of probability, one may make provisional or working conclusions that allow for the possibility of a given hypothesis being disconfirmed in the future. In the monkey case, then, encountering a hairy monkey would slightly raise the probability that “all monkeys are hairy,†while encountering a hairless monkey would slightly decrease the probability that “all monkeys are hairy.†This method of confirming hypotheses is both counterintuitive and controversial, but it allows for evidence to equitably affect hypotheses and it does not require infinite sample sets for confirmation or disconfirmation.
According to the passage, what effect does encountering an automobile with eighteen wheels have on the hypothesis 'All automobiles have only four wheels'?
- A. It proves the hypothesis.
- B. It raises the hypothesis's probability.
- C. It disproves the hypothesis.
- D. It decreases the hypothesis's probability.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Encountering an automobile with eighteen wheels contradicts the hypothesis that all automobiles have only four wheels. This contradicts the initial hypothesis, proving it to be false. The passage explains that when evidence disproves a hypothesis, it directly contradicts the hypothesis, leading to its disproof. In the context of the monkey example provided, encountering a hairless monkey out of many hairy monkeys disproved the hypothesis 'All monkeys are hairy.' Therefore, the presence of an automobile with eighteen wheels disproves the hypothesis that all automobiles have only four wheels. Other choices are incorrect because encountering such an automobile directly contradicts the initial hypothesis, leading to its disproof, rather than proving it, raising its probability, or decreasing its probability.
During the summer, Angela read the following classics: The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald; Brave New World, by Aldous Huxley; A Passage to India, by E.M. Forster; and “The Cask of Amontillado,†by Edgar Allen Poe.
What is the purpose of the italics used for several of the works identified in the sentence above?
- A. to indicate a full-length published book
- B. to indicate a work of classic literature
- C. to indicate recommended summer reading
- D. to indicate books that Angela completed
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The purpose of the italics used for several of the works identified in the sentence above is to indicate a full-length published book. In the provided extract, titles of books such as 'The Great Gatsby,' 'Brave New World,' 'A Passage to India,' and 'The Cask of Amontillado' are italicized to emphasize them as standalone works. This formatting convention is commonly used to highlight titles of books, magazines, movies, and other individual works in written text. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as the italics are not specifically indicating classic literature, recommended summer reading, or completion by Angela, but rather serving the general purpose of emphasizing standalone works.
Follow the numbered instructions to transform the starting word into a different word.
1. Start with the word PREVARICATE.
2. Remove the P.
3. Replace the first A with the final E.
4. Remove the I from the word.
5. Remove the C from the word.
6. Remove the A from the word.
What is the new word?
- A. REVEST
- B. REVERT
- C. REVIEW
- D. REVERSE
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The new word can be formed by following the transformation steps: Remove the P, Replace the first A with the final E, Remove the I, Remove the C, and Remove the A from PREVARICATE, resulting in the word 'REVERT.' Choices A, C, and D do not match the rearrangement of letters provided in the instructions.
The following is an excerpt of an article published by The New York Times announcing the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Use the following article to answer the next five questions.
AWFUL EVENT
President Lincoln Shot by an Assassin
The Deed Done at Ford's Theatre Last Night
THE ACT OF A DESPERATE REBEL
The President Still Alive at Last Accounts No Hopes Entertained of His Recovery
Attempted Assassination of Secretary Seward
DETAILS OF THE DREADFUL TRAGEDY.
Official
War Department, Washington April 15, 1:30 A.M. - Maj. Gen. Dis.: This evening at about 9:30 P.M. at Ford's Theatre, the President, while sitting in his private box with Mrs. Lincoln, Mr. Harris, and Major Rathburn, was shot by an assassin, who suddenly entered the box and appeared behind the President. The assassin then leaped upon the stage, brandishing a large dagger or knife, and made his escape in the rear of the theatre. The pistol ball entered the back of the President's head and penetrated nearly through the head. The wound is mortal. The President has been insensible ever since it was inflicted, and is now dying.
About the same hour an assassin, whether the same or not, entered Mr. Sewards' apartments, and under the pretense of having a prescription, was shown to the Secretary's sick chamber. The assassin immediately rushed to the bed, and inflicted two or three stabs on the throat and two on the face. It is hoped the wounds may not be mortal. My apprehension is that they will prove fatal.
The nurse alarmed Mr. Frederick Seward, who was in an adjoining room, and hastened to the door of his father's room, when he met the assassin, who inflicted upon him one or more dangerous wounds. The recovery of Frederick Seward is doubtful.
It is not probable that the President will live throughout the night.
Gen. Grant and wife were advertised to be at the theatre this evening, but he started to Burlington at 6 o'clock this evening. At a Cabinet meeting at which Gen. Grant was present, the subject of the state of the country and the prospect of a speedy peace was discussed. The President was very cheerful and hopeful, and spoke very kindly of Gen. Lee and others of the Confederacy, and of the establishment of government in Virginia.
All the members of the Cabinet except Mr. Seward are now in attendance upon the President. I have seen Mr. Seward, but he and Frederick were both unconscious.
Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War.
What is a likely purpose for including so many headlines at the start of the article?
- A. to quickly convey the most important information about a significant event
- B. to sensationalize a front-page news story
- C. to incite panic in readers
- D. to fill empty space on the page
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Including multiple headlines at the start of an article allows for the quick conveyance of the most important information about a significant event. In the case of the article about the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, the headlines serve as brief summaries of key details, such as the event itself, the perpetrator, the status of the President, and related incidents like the attempted assassination of Secretary Seward. These headlines help readers grasp the main points efficiently without having to read through the entire article. The purpose is to summarize the key details and attract readers' attention to engage them in the content. Choice B is incorrect because the purpose is not to sensationalize the story but to inform. Choice C is incorrect as the intention is not to incite panic but to provide essential information. Choice D is incorrect because the headlines serve a meaningful purpose and are not included just to fill empty space on the page.
Ernestine has a short research project to complete, and her assigned topic is the history of the Globe Theatre in London. Which of the following sources would be the best starting point for Ernestine's research?
- A. Roget's Thesaurus
- B. Webster's Dictionary
- C. Encyclopedia Britannica
- D. University of Oxford Style Guide
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The best starting point for Ernestine's research on the history of the Globe Theatre in London would be the Encyclopedia Britannica. This choice is correct because the Encyclopedia Britannica provides authoritative and comprehensive information on various topics, including historical landmarks like the Globe Theatre. It offers detailed articles and references that would help Ernestine gain a deeper understanding of the theatre's background, construction, significance, and overall history.
Choice A, Roget's Thesaurus, is incorrect because it is a thesaurus used for finding synonyms and antonyms of words, not historical information. Choice B, Webster's Dictionary, is also incorrect as it is a dictionary used for word definitions, not historical research. Choice D, University of Oxford Style Guide, is not the best starting point for historical research on the Globe Theatre, as it focuses on style and formatting guidelines rather than providing historical content.