Nokea
The most common cause of tooth loss in adults is
- A. periodontal disease.
- B. gingivitis.
- C. pyorrhea.
- D. dental caries.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is the most common cause of tooth loss in adults due to the severe damage it causes to the supporting structures of the teeth, such as the gums and bone. It leads to progressive destruction of the tissues surrounding the teeth, eventually resulting in tooth loss. Gingivitis (B) and pyorrhea (C) are stages of periodontal disease and not the primary cause of tooth loss. Dental caries (D) primarily affects the enamel and dentin of the teeth, leading to cavities, but it is not as common a cause of tooth loss in adults as periodontal disease.
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Which of these is involved in the chemical digestion of protein?
- A. pancreatic amylase
- B. trypsin
- C. sucrase
- D. pancreatic nuclease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: trypsin. Trypsin is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that specifically breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. It works in the small intestine to continue the process of protein digestion. Pancreatic amylase (A) breaks down carbohydrates, sucrase (C) breaks down sucrose, and pancreatic nuclease (D) breaks down nucleic acids, not proteins. Therefore, trypsin is the only enzyme involved in the chemical digestion of protein among the choices provided.
A nurse on the day shift is preparing to change a client's total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solution, but the new TPN solution has not arrived from the pharmacy. The client receives additional IV fat emulsion during the night shift. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?
- A. Hang dextrose 10% in water (D10W) until the TPN solution is delivered.
- B. Saline lock the IV catheter after discontinuing the TPN solution.
- C. Hang the IV fat emulsion solution.
- D. Call the provider for new TPN orders.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hang dextrose 10% in water (D10W) until the TPN solution is delivered. This is the correct action because the client is dependent on TPN for nutrition and cannot go without it. D10W provides a source of glucose to prevent hypoglycemia until the TPN solution arrives. It is important to maintain the client's glucose levels to prevent complications.
Choice B is incorrect because saline locking the IV catheter would not address the client's nutritional needs.
Choice C is incorrect because hanging the IV fat emulsion solution alone would not provide the necessary nutrients that the client needs from the TPN solution.
Choice D is incorrect because calling the provider for new TPN orders would delay the client from receiving essential nutrition. Hanging D10W is the most appropriate action to ensure the client's safety and well-being while waiting for the TPN solution to arrive.
Where does the majority of carbohydrate digestion occur?
- A. stomach
- B. small intestine
- C. mouth
- D. esophagus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The majority of carbohydrate digestion occurs in the mouth. This is because the enzyme amylase, present in saliva, begins breaking down carbohydrates into simpler sugars like maltose. The process starts in the mouth as the food is chewed and mixed with saliva, creating a bolus that can be easily swallowed. In the stomach, the acidic environment actually inhibits amylase activity, so minimal carbohydrate digestion occurs there. The small intestine is where further digestion and absorption of carbohydrates primarily happen, but the initial breakdown in the mouth is crucial. The esophagus is not involved in digestion, but rather in the transportation of food to the stomach.
Which of the nurse's assigned patients should be referred to the dietitian for a complete nutritional assessment? (Select all that apply.)
- A. A 35-yr-old patient who reports intermittent nausea for the past 2 days
- B. A 48-yr-old patient with rheumatoid arthritis who takes prednisone daily
- C. A 23-yr-old patient who has a history of fluctuating weight gains and losses
- D. A 64-yr-old patient who is admitted for debridement of an infected surgical wound
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. This patient reporting intermittent nausea may have altered nutritional intake, which warrants a referral to the dietitian for a complete nutritional assessment. Nausea can affect food intake and nutrient absorption, potentially leading to malnutrition. Options B, C, and D do not directly indicate a need for a dietitian referral based on the information provided. The patient with rheumatoid arthritis taking prednisone may benefit from dietary interventions, but the information provided does not specify any nutritional concerns. The patient with fluctuating weight gains and losses may have nutritional issues, but further details are needed to justify a dietitian referral. The patient admitted for debridement of an infected wound may have increased nutritional needs due to wound healing, but this alone does not warrant a dietitian referral without additional information on the patient's nutritional status.
Hemolytic jaundice is:
- A. Caused by more fragile RBCs.
- B. Caused by liver damage.
- C. Characterized by low bilirubin in urine.
- D. All of the above are incorrect.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hemolytic jaundice is caused by more fragile RBCs. When red blood cells are destroyed at an increased rate, it leads to the release of more bilirubin, causing jaundice. Choice B is incorrect because liver damage leads to hepatocellular jaundice, not hemolytic. Choice C is incorrect as hemolytic jaundice is characterized by high bilirubin levels in the blood, not low levels in urine. Choice D is incorrect as option A is the correct explanation for hemolytic jaundice.