Nokea
The most common congenital infection worldwide is due to:
- A. CMV
- B. Listeria monocytogenes
- C. Rubella Virus
- D. Syphilis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: CMV (Cytomegalovirus). CMV is the most common congenital infection worldwide due to its high prevalence and ability to be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy. It can lead to serious complications such as hearing loss, developmental delays, and vision problems in newborns. Listeria monocytogenes (B) is a foodborne pathogen, not typically associated with congenital infections. Rubella Virus (C) can cause congenital rubella syndrome but is less common globally compared to CMV. Syphilis (D) can also be transmitted from mother to fetus, but its prevalence and impact on congenital infections are lower compared to CMV.
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The normal microflora is related to the defense in pathogens in
- A. circulatory system
- B. hepatobiliary tract
- C. skin and mucus
- D. CNS
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The normal microflora plays a crucial role in defending against pathogens in the skin and mucus. This is because the skin and mucus act as physical barriers and the normal microflora outcompetes potential pathogens, preventing their colonization. In contrast, the circulatory system (A), hepatobiliary tract (B), and CNS (D) are not typically colonized by normal microflora, so they do not directly contribute to defense against pathogens in those areas.
Which of the following is a major characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria?
- A. Thick peptidoglycan layer
- B. Outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides
- C. Absence of a cell wall
- D. Presence of teichoic acids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides. Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides, which play a role in pathogenicity and resistance to certain antibiotics. This outer membrane is a distinguishing feature of Gram-negative bacteria, as opposed to Gram-positive bacteria that have a thick peptidoglycan layer. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer, do have a cell wall (although it is different from Gram-positive bacteria), and do not contain teichoic acids.
Chemically an antigen may be:
- A. Lipid
- B. Protein
- C. Polysaccharide
- D. Any of these
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because antigens can be composed of lipids, proteins, or polysaccharides. Antigens are molecules that can elicit an immune response in the body. They can be diverse in their chemical composition, leading to the recognition and response by the immune system. Therefore, the correct choice is D as antigens can be any of these chemical components. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they each represent a possible chemical composition of antigens, but the flexibility of antigens to be made up of any of these components makes D the most accurate choice.
Herpes simplex infections on lips and in the mouth are most commonly caused by:
- A. HSV-1
- B. HSV-2
- C. HSV-6
- D. HSV-7
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: HSV-1. Herpes simplex infections on lips and in the mouth are most commonly caused by HSV-1 due to its preference for infecting oral mucosa. HSV-2 typically causes genital herpes. HSV-6 and HSV-7 are less common and not typically associated with oral infections. Therefore, based on the typical presentation and epidemiology of herpes simplex infections, HSV-1 is the most likely cause in this scenario.
Fudrjant fern of injection is:
- A. Continuous infection with long incubation period
- B. Chronic infection with short incubation period
- C. Immediate infection with very short incubation period
- D. ‘Sleeping' infection with infection-carrying
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Continuous infection with long incubation period. Fudrjant fern of injection is a term used to describe an infection that is continuously present in the body after being introduced through injection. The long incubation period refers to the time between the injection and when symptoms of the infection become apparent. This choice is correct as it accurately describes the characteristics of fudrjant fern of injection.
Choice B is incorrect because chronic infections typically have a long duration, not a short incubation period. Choice C is incorrect as immediate infections would not have a long incubation period. Choice D is incorrect because a 'sleeping' infection implies a dormant state, not continuous presence in the body as seen in fudrjant fern of injection.