Nokea
The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center(s).
- A. apneustic
- B. pneumotaxic
- C. DRG and VRG
- D. expiratory
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) and Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) are the centers in the brainstem responsible for controlling the rate and depth of breathing. The DRG primarily regulates inspiration, while the VRG is involved in both inspiration and expiration. The apneustic and pneumotaxic centers (choices A and B) are subregions within the pons that modulate the activity of the DRG and VRG but do not establish the baseline rate and depth of breathing. The expiratory center (choice D) is responsible for controlling only the expiratory phase of breathing and is not involved in setting the normal rate and depth of breathing.
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A 22-year-old female client is experiencing a new-onset asthmatic attack. Which position is best for this client?
- A. High Fowler's
- B. Left side-lying.
- C. Right side-lying.
- D. Supine with pillows under each arm.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: High Fowler's position. This position promotes optimal lung expansion by maximizing chest expansion and allowing for improved airflow. The upright position reduces pressure on the diaphragm, making it easier for the client to breathe. Left and right side-lying positions may restrict lung expansion and worsen breathing difficulties. The supine position with pillows under each arm does not provide the same benefits as the High Fowler's position in terms of respiratory support. Overall, High Fowler's is the most effective position for a client experiencing an asthmatic attack as it facilitates better oxygenation and ventilation.
Which of the following decreases respiratory efficiency?
- A. decreased blood flow
- B. increased surface area
- C. increased partial pressure gradients
- D. increased gas solubility
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Blood flow supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide in the lungs, essential for efficient gas exchange.
Step 2: Decreased blood flow means less oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal, leading to decreased respiratory efficiency.
Step 3: Choice A is correct as it directly impacts the gas exchange process.
Summary:
- Choice B (increased surface area) would enhance gas exchange efficiency.
- Choice C (increased partial pressure gradients) would improve gas exchange efficiency.
- Choice D (increased gas solubility) would not directly affect respiratory efficiency.
The 75-year-old patient asks the nurse if the Pneumovax immunization he took when he was 65 is still protecting him. Which reply is most accurate?
- A. Pneumovax protects you for your lifetime.
- B. Immunity afforded you by Pneumovax lasts only 2 years.
- C. Pneumovax protection varies according to your risk factors and living situation.
- D. After 6 years, you need a repeat dose of Pneumovax for full immunity.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Pneumovax is recommended for adults aged 65 and older.
Step 2: Immunity from Pneumovax decreases over time.
Step 3: CDC recommends a second dose of Pneumovax after 5 years for those at highest risk.
Step 4: Answer D is correct as it aligns with CDC guidelines for revaccination.
Step 5: Other choices are incorrect as they do not reflect current recommendations or scientific evidence.
Alveolar ventilation in a male with a respiratory rate of 10/min and tidal volume of 600 ml is
- A. 1000ml
- B. 1750 ml
- C. 3000ml
- D. 4500ml
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 4500ml. Alveolar ventilation is calculated by multiplying tidal volume by respiratory rate. In this case, 600ml (tidal volume) x 10/min (respiratory rate) = 6000ml/min. However, we need to consider dead space ventilation, which is about 150ml. Therefore, the final alveolar ventilation is 6000ml/min - 150ml = 5850ml/min. Since the question asks for alveolar ventilation per minute, the correct answer is the closest option, which is D: 4500ml.
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the calculation of alveolar ventilation based on the provided respiratory rate, tidal volume, and dead space ventilation.
The pulmonary ventilation rate for someone with tidal volume of 500 mL and a respiration rate of 14 bpm is:
- A. 6,000 L/min
- B. 6 L/min
- C. 7 L/min
- D. 4.2 L/min
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: To calculate pulmonary ventilation rate, multiply tidal volume by respiration rate. In this case, 500 mL * 14 bpm = 7,000 mL/min. Converting to liters, it's 7 L/min. Choice A is incorrect as it miscalculates the conversion from mL to L, B is incorrect due to incorrect calculation, and D is incorrect as it's not the accurate result of the multiplication.