Nokea
The nurse assessing the CBC of a patient with chronic bronchitis identifies a typical feature of this disease, which is:
- A. Decreased platelets.
- B. Decreased white blood cells.
- C. Increased eosinophils.
- D. Increased red blood cells.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Increased red blood cells. In chronic bronchitis, the body compensates for chronic hypoxia by increasing red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) to improve oxygen delivery. This is known as polycythemia. Decreased platelets (A) and white blood cells (B) are not typical features of chronic bronchitis. Increased eosinophils (C) are more commonly associated with allergic conditions or parasitic infections, not chronic bronchitis. In summary, the increased red blood cells in chronic bronchitis help enhance oxygen-carrying capacity, distinguishing it from the other options.
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A nurse is caring for a male client with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Which of the following would the nurse expect to note in the client?
- A. Pallor
- B. Low arterial PaO2
- C. Elevated arterial PaO2
- D. Decreased respiratory rate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Low arterial PaO2. In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), there is inadequate oxygen exchange in the lungs, leading to low PaO2 levels. This is due to alveolar damage and decreased lung compliance. Pallor (choice A) is not a specific finding in ARDS. Elevated arterial PaO2 (choice C) is not expected in ARDS as it indicates sufficient oxygenation. Decreased respiratory rate (choice D) is not a typical finding in ARDS, as patients often have an increased respiratory rate to compensate for the poor oxygenation.
Pain with chronic stable angina is due to:
- A. Rubbing of epicardium against the pericardial sac.
- B. Insufficient blood flow due to narrowing of the coronary arteries
- C. Irritation of cardiac nerve endings in the chest wall
- D. Dilation of the coronary arteries to increase blood flow
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because chronic stable angina is caused by insufficient blood flow due to narrowing of the coronary arteries, leading to inadequate oxygen supply to the heart muscle during exertion. This results in chest pain.
A is incorrect as there is no rubbing of epicardium against the pericardial sac in chronic stable angina.
C is incorrect as the pain is not due to irritation of cardiac nerve endings in the chest wall.
D is incorrect as dilation of the coronary arteries does not cause pain in chronic stable angina; it is actually a compensatory mechanism to increase blood flow in response to decreased oxygen supply.
Lungs have a large number of narrow tubes called
- A. Alveoli
- B. Bronchioles
- C. Bronchi
- D. Alveolar ducts
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bronchioles. Bronchioles are small, narrow tubes in the lungs that branch off from the bronchi. They play a crucial role in conducting air to the alveoli for gas exchange. Alveoli (choice A) are tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs, not narrow tubes. Bronchi (choice C) are larger air passages that branch off from the trachea, leading to the bronchioles. Alveolar ducts (choice D) are tiny ducts that connect bronchioles to alveolar sacs, but they are not the large number of narrow tubes found in the lungs. Therefore, the correct answer is bronchioles as they specifically fit the description of narrow tubes in the lungs.
Bovine tuberculosis is transmitted from cow to man through
- A. Contact
- B. Milk
- C. Contamination of water with infected urine
- D. Meat
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Contact. Bovine tuberculosis is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected cows, such as through inhalation of respiratory droplets or consumption of contaminated milk. It is less commonly transmitted through consumption of infected meat or contamination of water with infected urine. Contact with infected animals poses the highest risk for transmission due to the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis being present in respiratory secretions and excretions of infected cows.
The 'Adams' Apple' is the:
- A. thyroid cartilage.
- B. cricoid cartilage.
- C. corniculate cartilage.
- D. cuneiform cartilage.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The 'Adams' Apple' is the prominent bulge in the front of the neck and corresponds to the thyroid cartilage. This cartilage forms the largest part of the larynx and is more prominent in males due to hormonal differences. The cricoid cartilage (Choice B) is located below the thyroid cartilage. Corniculate cartilage (Choice C) and cuneiform cartilage (Choice D) are smaller cartilages in the larynx and are not responsible for the 'Adams' Apple' prominence.