Nokea
The nurse caring for an 80-year-old woman who is undergoing the extensive bowel preparation for a colonoscopy. The nurse should most closely monitor the patient for which potential complication?
- A. Diarrhea
- B. Metabolic acidosis
- C. Fatigue
- D. Dyspnea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Metabolic acidosis. During bowel preparation for a colonoscopy, the patient may experience electrolyte imbalances due to fluid loss from diarrhea and bowel cleansing agents. This can lead to metabolic acidosis, characterized by low pH and bicarbonate levels in the blood. The nurse should monitor for signs such as confusion, weakness, and rapid breathing. Diarrhea (A) is a common side effect of bowel preparation but is not the most critical complication to monitor. Fatigue (C) and dyspnea (D) are not directly related to the electrolyte imbalances that can lead to metabolic acidosis in this scenario.
You may also like to solve these questions
The accessory digestive organs include all of the following, EXCEPT:
- A. tongue
- B. liver
- C. pancreas
- D. stomach
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, stomach. The stomach is not considered an accessory digestive organ as it is part of the gastrointestinal tract. The accessory digestive organs aid in the digestion process but are not part of the tract itself. The tongue, liver, and pancreas are all considered accessory digestive organs as they play crucial roles in digestion, such as producing enzymes and bile. The stomach's main function is to store and break down food through mechanical and chemical digestion, making it a primary organ in the digestive system rather than an accessory one.
Which of the following statements about the stomach is FALSE?
- A. there are no enzymes secreted in the stomach to digest carbohydrate
- B. pepsin (from pepsinogen) is released to digest proteins
- C. amino acids are absorbed through the stomach wall and go directly to the liver
- D. the appetite regulatory peptide, ghrelin, is released by the stomach
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because amino acids are not absorbed through the stomach wall; they are absorbed in the small intestine. In the stomach, gastric juices break down proteins into peptides. Option A is incorrect because the stomach secretes pepsin to digest proteins. Option B is also incorrect as pepsinogen is converted to pepsin for protein digestion. Option D is incorrect since ghrelin, the appetite hormone, is indeed released by the stomach.
What does the term 'peristalsis' refer to?
- A. the mixing of digestive juices
- B. the voluntary contraction of muscles
- C. the rhythmic contractions that move food along the digestive tract
- D. the absorption of nutrients
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Peristalsis refers to the rhythmic contractions that move food along the digestive tract. This process helps propel food from the esophagus to the stomach and through the intestines for digestion and absorption. It is an involuntary movement controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Choice A is incorrect as it refers to digestion, not movement. Choice B is incorrect as peristalsis is involuntary, not voluntary. Choice D is incorrect as peristalsis does not involve absorption but rather transportation of food.
Which of the following is not part of the large intestines?
- A. Transverse colon
- B. Appendix
- C. Cecum
- D. Duodenum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Duodenum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, not the large intestine. The transverse colon, appendix, and cecum are all parts of the large intestine. The duodenum plays a crucial role in the digestion process, receiving partially digested food from the stomach and further breaking it down with the help of enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. It is important to differentiate between the small and large intestines to understand their distinct functions within the digestive system.
A sudden decrease in blood volume would be met by increases in epinephrine, antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) and angiotensin II. What EFFECT would the increase in these three hormones ALL HAVE IN COMMON?
- A. increased heart rate
- B. increased fluid retention and blood volume
- C. increased PNS activity
- D. vasoconstriction and increased total peripheral resistance
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: vasoconstriction and increased total peripheral resistance. Epinephrine, antidiuretic hormone, and angiotensin II all act to increase vasoconstriction, leading to an increase in total peripheral resistance. This response is crucial during a sudden decrease in blood volume to maintain blood pressure and ensure adequate perfusion to vital organs.
Choice A (increased heart rate) is not correct because while epinephrine can increase heart rate, antidiuretic hormone and angiotensin II do not directly affect heart rate.
Choice B (increased fluid retention and blood volume) is not correct because antidiuretic hormone and angiotensin II can increase fluid retention, but epinephrine does not have this effect.
Choice C (increased PNS activity) is not correct because these hormones actually stimulate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, not the parasympath