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The nurse has just completed a continuing education lecture regarding the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Which of the following statements by the nurse indicate correct understanding? Select all that apply.
- A. I will clean contaminated surfaces with soap and hot water.
- B. The goal of treatment is for the client's viral load to increase and CD4 cells to decrease.
- C. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PREP) is available to those with risk factors for HIV.
- D. Vertical transmission (mother to fetus) may be reduced with the use of antiretrovirals.
- E. It is possible to spread the infection through contaminated water.
Correct Answer: C,D
Rationale: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective for high-risk individuals, and antiretrovirals reduce vertical transmission. HIV is not spread through water, and the treatment goal is to decrease viral load and increase CD4 cells.
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The nurse is preparing a lecture on opportunistic infections for immunocompromised individuals. Which of the following opportunistic conditions would be included as possible causes for increased hospital Admissions?
- A. Kaposi's sarcoma
- B. Tuberculosis
- C. Toxoplasmosis
- D. Transesophageal fistula (TEF)
- E. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
Correct Answer: A,B,C,E
Rationale: Kaposi's sarcoma, Tuberculosis, Toxoplasmosis, and CMV are opportunistic infections commonly associated with immunocompromised states, leading to increased hospitalizations.
A nurse is educating a client recently diagnosed with hepatitis C. Which of the following should the nurse include in the teaching?
- A. Disinfect your bathroom with bleach after each use.
- B. It is important that you not prepare food for others.
- C. You may not experience any symptoms of hepatitis C.
- D. You will need to vaccinate individuals in your household.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hepatitis C is often asymptomatic, which is critical for clients to understand to ensure regular monitoring and adherence to treatment.
The nurse in the emergency department (ED) is triaging a client who reports recent international travel to West Africa and has signs and symptoms of conjunctival injection, fever, rash, vomiting, and blood in their stool. The nurse is concerned that this client may have?
- A. pulmonary tuberculosis.
- B. encephalitis.
- C. Ebola virus disease.
- D. inhalation anthrax.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ebola virus disease is associated with recent travel to West Africa and symptoms like fever, rash, vomiting, and hemorrhagic signs such as bloody stools.
The nurse is talking to a group of women about the dangers and ways of acquiring toxic shock syndrome (TSS). The nurse would mention that all of the following women have a high risk of acquiring TSS, except for:
- A. A teenage girl using an absorbent tampon.
- B. A 29-year-old woman using a cervical cap.
- C. A 31-year-old woman using a diaphragm.
- D. A 35-year-old woman using oral contraceptives.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Oral contraceptives do not increase the risk of TSS, unlike tampons, cervical caps, and diaphragms, which can promote bacterial growth if left in place too long.
Which of the following opportunistic illnesses are a sign that a patient with HIV now has AIDS? Select all that apply.
- A. Stomach ulcers
- B. Symptomatic tuberculosis
- C. Toxoplasmosis of the brain
- D. Osteoporosis
- E. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
Correct Answer: B,C,E
Rationale: Symptomatic tuberculosis, Toxoplasmosis of the brain, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia are AIDS-defining conditions indicating advanced HIV disease.