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The nurse is assessing a 73-year-old patient who was diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer. The nurse notes that the patient is exhibiting signs of loss, grief, and intense sadness. Based on this assessment data, the nurse will document that the patient is most likely in what stage of death and dying?
- A. Depression
- B. Denial
- C. Anger
- D. Resignation .
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Depression. In the context of the stages of death and dying proposed by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, a patient exhibiting signs of loss, grief, and intense sadness is likely in the depression stage. This stage involves feelings of hopelessness, despair, and sorrow as the patient comes to terms with the reality of their situation. Denial (choice B) is characterized by a refusal to accept the diagnosis, anger (choice C) involves feelings of resentment and frustration, and resignation (choice D) signifies a sense of acceptance and peace. In this scenario, the patient's emotional state aligns most closely with depression, indicating a deep sense of sadness and mourning.
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When teaching patients about the risk factors of cervical cancer, what would the nurse identify as the most important risk factor?
- A. Late childbearing
- B. Human papillomavirus (HPV)
- C. Postmenopausal bleeding
- D. Tobacco use
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer as it is responsible for almost all cases. Step 1: HPV infection can lead to changes in cervical cells, increasing the risk of cancer. Step 2: Early detection and vaccination against HPV can prevent cervical cancer. Step 3: Other factors like late childbearing, postmenopausal bleeding, and tobacco use may be associated with increased risk but are not as directly linked to cervical cancer development.
The nurse is writing a care plan for a patient with brain metastases. The nurse decides that an appropriate nursing diagnosis is anxiety related to lack of control over the health circumstances. In establishing this plan of care for the patient, the nurse should include what intervention?
- A. The patient will receive antianxiety medications every 4 hours.
- B. The patients family will be instructed on planning the patients care.
- C. The patient will be encouraged to verbalize concerns related to the disease and its treatment.
- D. The patient will begin intensive therapy with the goal of distraction.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because encouraging the patient to verbalize concerns can help alleviate anxiety by allowing the patient to express emotions and fears. This intervention promotes emotional expression and provides an outlet for the patient to discuss their worries. This can lead to increased understanding and support.
Incorrect answers:
A: Administering antianxiety medications does not address the underlying cause of anxiety and may lead to dependency.
B: Instructing the family on planning care does not directly address the patient's anxiety.
D: Distracting the patient may provide temporary relief but does not address the root cause of anxiety related to lack of control over health circumstances.
A nurse administers an antimuscarinic to a patient.Which findings indicate the patient is having therapeutic effects from this medication? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Decrease in dysuria
- B. Decrease in urgency
- C. Decrease in frequency
- D. Decrease in prostate size
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Decrease in dysuria. Antimuscarinic medications target muscarinic receptors, which are involved in the contraction of smooth muscle in the bladder. Dysuria, or painful urination, is a common symptom of overactive bladder or bladder spasms, which can be relieved by antimuscarinics. Choices B, C, and D are related to other urinary symptoms such as urgency, frequency, and prostate size, respectively, which are not directly targeted by antimuscarinics. Therefore, only a decrease in dysuria indicates therapeutic effects of the medication.
Which form of heart disease in women of childbearing years usually has a benign effect on pregnancy?
- A. Cardiomyopathy
- B. Mitral valve prolapse
- C. Rheumatic heart disease
- D. Congenital heart disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mitral valve prolapse. This condition is usually benign during pregnancy because the heart's workload increases, and the mitral valve is a one-way valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium. Mitral valve prolapse typically does not significantly affect the heart's ability to pump blood efficiently during pregnancy.
Rationale:
1. Cardiomyopathy (A) can worsen during pregnancy, leading to complications for both the mother and the fetus.
2. Rheumatic heart disease (C) can cause valve damage, increasing the risk of complications during pregnancy.
3. Congenital heart disease (D) varies in severity and can pose risks during pregnancy, depending on the specific condition.
Summary: Mitral valve prolapse is the correct answer as it is less likely to cause significant issues during pregnancy compared to the other options provided.
The nurse is providing health education to a patient newly diagnosed with glaucoma. The nurse teaches the patient that this disease has a familial tendency. The nurse should encourage the patients immediate family members to undergo clinical examinations how often?
- A. At least monthly
- B. At least once every 2 years
- C. At least once every 5 years
- D. At least once every 10 years
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: At least once every 2 years. Glaucoma has a familial tendency, meaning it can run in families. Regular eye exams are crucial for early detection and treatment. Having family members undergo clinical examinations every 2 years allows for timely identification of any potential signs of glaucoma. Monthly exams (A) would be too frequent and unnecessary. Exams every 5 years (C) or 10 years (D) are too infrequent and may miss early signs of the disease. Regular biennial exams strike a balance between early detection and practicality.