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The nurse is caring for a client prescribed a low sodium diet. Which food, identified as a client favorite, will the nurse discourage?
- A. A grilled chicken sandwich with mayonnaise
- B. A natural fruit salad with nuts
- C. A hot dog with ketchup
- D. A fresh grilled tuna entr?©e with fresh asparagus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Foods high in sodium include processed meats, such as hot dogs and cold cuts; fast foods; frozen meals; cheeses; soups and juices; and salted snack foods to name a few.
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The nurse is correct to state that a client's body needs to have adequate nutrition to maintain energy. Which type of transport of dissolved substances requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
- A. Osmosis
- B. Passive diffusion
- C. Facilitated diffusion
- D. Active transport
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Active transport requires the use of the body's energy molecule (ATP) to meet body needs for fluid and particle transport. Osmosis is the movement of body fluids through a semipermeable membrane that allows not all substances to pass through. Passive diffusion allows the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Facilitated diffusion has certain dissolved substances that require the assistance from a carrier module to pass through the semipermeable membrane.
The nurse is caring for a client with multiple organ failure and in metabolic acidosis. Which pair of organs is responsible for regulatory processes and compensation?
- A. Kidney and liver
- B. Heart and lungs
- C. Lungs and kidney
- D. Pancreas and stomach
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The lungs and kidneys facilitate the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid. Carbon dioxide is one of the components of carbonic acid. The lungs regulate carbonic acid levels by releasing or conserving $\mathrm{CO}_2$ by increasing or decreasing the respiratory rate. The kidneys assist in acid-base balance by retaining or excreting bicarbonate ions.
The nurse is caring for a client who has been admitted with a possible clotting disorder. The client is complaining of excessive bleeding and bruising without cause. The nurse knows to take extra care to check for signs of bruising or bleeding in what condition?
- A. Dehydration
- B. Hypokalemia
- C. Hypocalcemia
- D. Hypomagnesemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hypocalcemia or low serum calcium levels can affect clotting. Therefore, in this condition, the nurse should take extra care to check for bruising or bleeding. There is no such risk in dehydration, hypokalemia, or hypomagnesemia.
The nurse is instructing on the body's negative feedback loop to ensure homeostasis to a group of students. Which action by bases keeps the blood $\mathrm{pH}$ nearly neutral?
- A. Bases cast off acids.
- B. Bases bind with hydrogen.
- C. Bases hold acidic properties.
- D. Bases have no contact with acids.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Acids are substances that release hydrogen into fluid, bases are substances that bind with hydrogen. The delicate balance between acids and bases, as well as fluids and electrolytes, maintains the nearly neutral blood $\mathrm{pH}$.
The nurse is conducting a lecture on the difference between hypovolemia and dehydration. When completing a verbal comparison, which point needs clarified?
- A. Similar causes are present in both conditions.
- B. Hypovolemia contains only low blood volume.
- C. In dehydration, only extracellular is depleted.
- D. Both conditions result in abnormal laboratory studies.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In clients diagnosed with dehydration, all fluid compartments including the intracellular and extracellular compartment are reduced. The other options are correct. Both states can be from similar disease process such as vomiting, fever, diarrhea and difficulty swallowing and also have abnormal lab work. It is correct that hypovolemia relates to low blood volume.