Nokea
The nurse is caring for a patient with HIV. Which of the following foods would the nurse teach the patient is safe to eat to reduce the risk of infection?
- A. Raw fruits
- B. Raw vegetables
- C. Cooked vegetables
- D. Caesar dressing
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: For a patient with HIV, it is important to reduce the risk of infection by avoiding potentially contaminated foods. Cooked vegetables are safer to eat compared to raw fruits and vegetables since cooking helps to kill harmful pathogens that can be present on raw produce. Caesar dressing, which typically contains raw eggs, should also be avoided as these can pose a risk of foodborne illness for individuals with compromised immune systems like those with HIV. Therefore, the nurse should teach the patient that cooked vegetables are a safer option for reducing the risk of infection.
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A 62-year old client diagnosed with pyelonephritis and possible septicemia has had five urinary tract infections over the past 2 years. She's fatigued from lack of sleep; urinates frequently, even during the night, and has lost weight recently. Tests reveal the following: sodium level 152mEq/L, osmolarity 340mOsm/L, glucose level 125mg/dl, and potassium level of 3.8mEq/L. Which of the following nursing diagnoses is most appropriate for this client?
- A. Deficient fluid volume related to inability to conserve water
- B. Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements related to hypermetabolic state
- C. Deficient fluid volume related to osmotic diuresis induced by hypernatremia
- D. Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements related to catabolic effects of insulin deficiency
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The client's elevated sodium level of 152 mEq/L indicates hypernatremia, which can lead to osmotic diuresis, causing excessive urination and subsequent fluid loss. This fluid loss can result in deficient fluid volume. The client's symptoms of frequent urination, fatigue from lack of sleep, and weight loss are indicative of dehydration due to the osmotic diuresis. Therefore, the most appropriate nursing diagnosis for this client is Deficient fluid volume related to osmotic diuresis induced by hypernatremia.
A postpartum nurse is providing instructions to the mother of a newborn infant with hyperbilirubinemia who is being breastfed. The nurse provides which most appropriate instructions to the mother?
- A. Switch to bottle feeding the baby for 2 weeks
- B. Stop the breast feedings and switch to bottle-feeding permanently
- C. Feed the newborn infant less frequently
- D. Continue to breastfeed every 2-4 hours.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The most appropriate instruction for a mother of a newborn infant with hyperbilirubinemia who is being breastfed is to continue to breastfeed every 2-4 hours. Breastfeeding should be initiated within 2 hours after birth and continued every 2-4 hours thereafter. Breast milk helps to promote the passage of meconium (the dark green stools of the newborn) and reduce the risk of hyperbilirubinemia. It is important to continue breastfeeding to establish and maintain a good milk supply, promote bonding between mother and baby, and provide important nutrients to the newborn. Switching to bottle feeding or feeding the newborn infant less frequently is not recommended in this case.
A 40 year old woman with aplastic anemia is prescribed estrogen with progesterone. The nurse can expect that these medications are given for which of the following reasons?
- A. To stimulate bone growth
- B. To enhance sodium and potassium
- C. To regulate fluid balance absorption
- D. To promote utilization and storage of fluids
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Estrogen plays a crucial role in maintaining bone density and promoting bone growth in both men and women. Aplastic anemia is a condition where the bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells, leading to low blood cell counts. Estrogen therapy is often used in aplastic anemia to help stimulate bone growth and improve bone health. Additionally, estrogen can help protect against bone loss, which is important for overall bone health in individuals with this condition. Progesterone is commonly prescribed along with estrogen to provide a balanced hormonal therapy approach.
The most effective pharmacologic agent for the treatment of Parkinson's disease is:
- A. Levodopa
- B. Selegilene
- C. Permax
- D. Symmetrel
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Levodopa is considered the most effective pharmacologic agent for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Levodopa is a precursor of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is deficient in Parkinson's disease. By increasing dopamine levels in the brain, levodopa helps to alleviate the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as tremors, stiffness, and slowness of movement. Levodopa is often combined with another medication called carbidopa to enhance its effectiveness and reduce side effects. While other medications like selegiline, pergolide (Permax), and amantadine (Symmetrel) can also be used to manage Parkinson's disease symptoms, levodopa remains the primary and most effective treatment option for many patients.
7-year-old Damon has cystitis; which of the following would Nurse Elena expect when assessing the child?
- A. Dysuria
- B. Costovertebral tenderness
- C. Flank pain
- D. High fever
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder, commonly caused by a bacterial infection. In children, symptoms of cystitis often include dysuria, which is painful or difficult urination. This symptom is frequently observed in children with cystitis. Costovertebral tenderness and flank pain are more indicative of kidney involvement (such as in pyelonephritis) rather than just bladder inflammation like in cystitis. High fever may also be present in severe cases of cystitis, but dysuria is the more specific and common symptom associated with this condition in children.