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The nurse is explaining the preconventional stage of moral development to a group of nursing students. What characterizes this stage?
- A. Children in this stage focus on following the rules.
- B. Children in this stage live up to social expectations and roles.
- C. Children in this stage have a concrete sense of justice and fairness.
- D. Children in this stage have little, if any, concern for why something is wrong.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Young childrens development of moral judgment is at the most basic level in the preconventional stage. They have little, if any, concern for why something is wrong. Following the rules, living up to social expectations, and having a concrete sense of justice and fairness are characteristics in the conventional stage.
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The nurse is talking to the parent of a 5-year-old child who refuses to go to sleep at night. What intervention should the nurse suggest in helping the parent to cope with this sleep disturbance?
- A. Establish a consistent punishment if the child does not go to bed when told.
- B. Allow the child to fall asleep in a different room and then gently move the child to his or her bed.
- C. Establish limited rituals that signal readiness for bedtime.
- D. Allow the child to watch television until almost asleep.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: An appropriate intervention for a child who resists going to bed is to establish limited rituals such as a bath or story that signal readiness for bed and consistently follow through with the ritual. Punishing the child will not alleviate the resistance problem and may only add to the frustration. Allowing the child to fall asleep in a different room and to watch television to fall asleep are not recommended approaches to sleep resistance.
Parents tell the nurse they found their 3-year-old daughter and a male cousin of the same age inspecting each other closely as they used the bathroom. What is the most appropriate recommendation for the nurse to make?
- A. Punish the children so this behavior stops.
- B. Neither condone nor condemn the curiosity.
- C. Get counseling for this unusual and dangerous behavior.
- D. Allow the children unrestricted permission to satisfy this curiosity.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Three-year-old children become aware of anatomic differences and are concerned about how the other sex works. Such exploration should not be condoned or condemned. Children should not be punished for this normal exploration. This is age appropriate and not dangerous behavior. Encouraging the children to ask their parents questions and redirecting their activity is more appropriate than giving permission.
The nurse has just given a subcutaneous injection to a preschool child, and the child asks for a Band-Aid over the site. Which action should the nurse implement?
- A. Place a Band-Aid over the site.
- B. Massage the injection site with an alcohol swab.
- C. Show the child there is no bleeding from the site.
- D. Explain that a Band-Aid is not needed after a subcutaneous injection.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Despite the advances in body image development, preschoolers have poorly defined body boundaries and little knowledge of their internal anatomy. Intrusive experiences are frightening, especially those that disrupt the integrity of the skin (e.g., injections and surgery). They fear that all their blood and insides can leak out if the skin is broken. Therefore, preschoolers may believe it is critical to use bandages after an injury. The nurse should place a Band-Aid over the site.
What dysfunctional speech pattern is a normal characteristic of the language development of a preschool child?
- A. Lisp
- B. Echolalia
- C. Stammering
- D. Repetition without meaning
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Stammering and stuttering are normal dysfluency in preschool-age children. Lisps are not a normal characteristic of language development. Echolalia and repetition are traits of toddlers language.
In terms of fine motor development, what should the 3-year-old child be expected to do?
- A. Tie shoelaces.
- B. Copy (draw) a circle.
- C. Use scissors or a pencil very well.
- D. Draw a person with seven to nine parts.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Three-year-old children are able to accomplish the fine motor skill of copying (drawing) a circle. The ability to tie shoelaces, to use scissors or a pencil very well, and to draw a person with seven to nine parts are fine motor skills of 5-year-old children.