Nokea
The nurse is performing a basic assessment on an older client. Which of the following is a common age-related change?
- A. Decreased skin elasticity and thinning
- B. Increased muscle mass
- C. Increased cardiac output
- D. Increased renal filtration rate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Aging causes decreased collagen production, leading to decreased skin elasticity and thinning.
2. Loss of subcutaneous fat contributes to the appearance of aging skin.
3. Wrinkles and sagging are common signs of decreased skin elasticity in older adults.
4. Increased muscle mass, increased cardiac output, and increased renal filtration rate are not typical age-related changes.
Summary: Skin changes such as decreased elasticity and thinning are common in older adults due to reduced collagen production and loss of subcutaneous fat. Increased muscle mass, cardiac output, and renal filtration rate are not typical age-related changes.
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Which of the following best describes the concept of "cognitive reserve" in older adults?
- A. It refers to the brain's ability to compensate for damage through enhanced neurogenesis.
- B. It refers to the relationship between cognitive decline and physical health.
- C. It is the brain's ability to maintain function despite age-related changes and pathology.
- D. It is the process of developing new cognitive abilities later in life.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: "It is the brain's ability to maintain function despite age-related changes and pathology." Cognitive reserve in older adults refers to the brain's ability to withstand age-related changes and pathology while maintaining cognitive function. This concept suggests that individuals with higher cognitive reserve may show fewer cognitive deficits even in the presence of brain damage or pathology.
Choice A is incorrect because cognitive reserve is not about compensating for damage through enhanced neurogenesis but rather about maintaining function despite changes.
Choice B is incorrect because cognitive reserve is not specifically about the relationship between cognitive decline and physical health; it focuses on maintaining cognitive function.
Choice D is incorrect because cognitive reserve is not about developing new cognitive abilities later in life but rather preserving existing cognitive function.
On which biological theory of aging is the prevention of telomere shortening based?
- A. Genetic research
- B. Caloric restriction
- C. Oxidative stress
- D. Cross-link
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Genetic research. Telomere shortening is primarily based on the theory of cellular senescence, which is related to genetic research. Telomeres are protective caps at the end of chromosomes that shorten with each cell division. Genetic research has shown that telomere shortening is associated with aging and age-related diseases. Caloric restriction, oxidative stress, and cross-link theories of aging are not directly linked to telomere shortening. Caloric restriction focuses on extending lifespan by reducing calorie intake, oxidative stress theory suggests that aging is caused by cumulative damage from reactive oxygen species, and cross-link theory emphasizes the accumulation of non-reversible bonds between molecules as a cause of aging.
How does loneliness affect older adults' health?
- A. It has no significant impact on health
- B. It can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and depression
- C. It improves immune function
- D. It only affects mental health, not physical health
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Loneliness in older adults can lead to increased stress, inflammation, and unhealthy behaviors, all of which can elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease and depression. Social isolation can also impact mental health. Choice A is incorrect as loneliness does impact health. Choice C is incorrect as loneliness typically weakens immune function. Choice D is incorrect as loneliness affects both mental and physical health.
In the care of older adults, how does the concept of "multimorbidity" complicate the treatment of chronic conditions?
- A. It simplifies treatment as there are fewer conditions to manage simultaneously
- B. It increases the complexity of managing multiple medications and health conditions
- C. It reduces the need for personalized care plans
- D. It enhances the effectiveness of treatment through overlapping therapeutic interventions
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because multimorbidity refers to the presence of multiple chronic conditions in an individual, which can complicate treatment due to interactions between medications, conflicting treatment recommendations, and the need for coordination among different healthcare providers. Managing multiple health conditions and medications can lead to potential adverse effects, drug interactions, and difficulties in prioritizing treatment goals. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because multimorbidity actually increases treatment complexity, necessitating individualized care plans and careful consideration of potential interactions between treatments.
All of the following are characteristics associated with centenarians EXCEPT:
- A. Exercise.
- B. Smoking.
- C. Weight control.
- D. Delayed onset of disease.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Smoking. Centenarians are individuals who live to be 100 years old or older and smoking is a known risk factor for various diseases and premature death. Exercise, weight control, and delayed onset of disease are commonly associated characteristics of centenarians as they promote overall health and longevity. Smoking, on the other hand, has been proven to have detrimental effects on health and is not typically seen in individuals who live to be 100 or older. Therefore, the absence of smoking is a more accurate characteristic associated with centenarians.