Nokea
Which of the following events do not take place after fertilization.
- A. a sperm is drawn into the egg and egg completes it first meiotic division
- B. the second polar body forms
- C. egg releases secretory vesicles to block polyspermy
- D. egg enzymes are activated and embryogenesis begins
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: After fertilization, the sperm and egg nuclei fuse to form a zygote. The egg completes its first meiotic division before fertilization, so A is incorrect. B is incorrect because the second polar body forms after fertilization. C is incorrect as the egg releases secretory vesicles to block polyspermy post-fertilization. D is incorrect as egg enzymes are activated post-fertilization to initiate embryogenesis. Thus, the answer is A, as the completion of the first meiotic division occurs before fertilization.
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Bones that are fused across the joint space by surgery is termed as
- A. Ankylosis
- B. Arthrodesis
- C. Arthroplasty
- D. Arthroscopy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Arthrodesis. Arthrodesis refers to the surgical fusion of bones across a joint space. This procedure aims to stabilize a joint by creating a bony union. Ankylosis (A) is the natural fusion of bones due to disease or injury. Arthroplasty (C) involves replacing a damaged joint with an artificial prosthesis. Arthroscopy (D) is a minimally invasive procedure to visualize and treat joint problems without open surgery. In this context, only arthrodesis specifically involves fusing bones across a joint space.
Spermatogenesis is regulated by a negative feedback control system in which follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the steps in sperm cell formation. What is the negative feedback signal associated with sperm cell production that inhibits pituitary formation of FSH?
- A. Testosterone
- B. Inhibin
- C. Estrogen
- D. Luteinizing hormone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Inhibin. Inhibin is a hormone secreted by the testes in response to high levels of sperm production. Inhibin acts as a negative feedback signal to the pituitary gland, inhibiting the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This helps to regulate spermatogenesis by preventing excessive FSH stimulation.
A: Testosterone is not the negative feedback signal for inhibiting FSH production. While testosterone does play a role in regulating spermatogenesis, it does not directly inhibit pituitary FSH production.
C: Estrogen is not involved in the negative feedback control system of spermatogenesis. Estrogen is more closely associated with the female reproductive system.
D: Luteinizing hormone is not the negative feedback signal for inhibiting FSH production. LH is involved in the regulation of testosterone production, not FSH.
The nurse is reviewing discharge instructions with a client who has just experienced an endometrial biopsy. Which finding would be reported to the primary health care provider immediately?
- A. Mild cramping
- B. Slight chills and fever
- C. Spotting of blood
- D. Fatigue after anesthesia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, slight chills and fever. This finding may indicate an infection, which can be a serious complication post-endometrial biopsy. Fever and chills can be signs of systemic infection, requiring immediate medical attention to prevent further complications. Mild cramping (A) is a common post-procedure symptom. Spotting of blood (C) is also normal after an endometrial biopsy. Fatigue (D) after anesthesia is expected and not an immediate concern unless severe or persistent.
Regarding lactation
- A. Milk production is controlled by prolactin
- B. The co-exist of estrogen and prolactin is antagonistic
- C. Nipple is lubricated by sebaceous gland
- D. Myoepithelial cell contraction facilitate ejection of milk
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because milk production is indeed controlled by prolactin, a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Prolactin stimulates the alveoli in the breast to produce milk. Option B is incorrect because estrogen and prolactin actually work synergistically to promote lactation. Option C is incorrect as the nipple is lubricated by Montgomery glands, not sebaceous glands. Option D is incorrect because myoepithelial cell contraction helps in milk ejection, not in milk production.
Mrs. Flower has had an uneventful recovery from a hysterectomy necessitated by a class III cervical lesion. Two days before going home, she stopped eating, complained of difficulty swallowing, and would not talk. Which of the following actions is most appropriate?
- A. Avoid mention of diet and ask her husband to bring in favored foods
- B. Recommend psychiatric consultation before discharge
- C. Monitor her intake and output as a nursing measure
- D. Arrange for the dietician to talk with her
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Psychiatric consultation is appropriate to address potential psychological issues affecting recovery.