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The nurse is teaching a client about side effects of ACE inhibitors. What is the most important side effect to monitor?
- A. Cough
- B. Hyperkalemia
- C. Hypotension
- D. Dizziness
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cough. ACE inhibitors can cause a persistent, dry cough due to bradykinin accumulation. It is important to monitor for this as it can indicate potential angioedema, a serious adverse effect. Hyperkalemia (B) is a potential side effect but may not be as immediate or common as cough. Hypotension (C) is a common side effect but not as crucial to monitor as cough. Dizziness (D) is a common side effect but not as significant as cough in terms of potential complications.
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The nurse is administering a calcium channel blocker. What is the primary effect of this medication on the cardiovascular system?
- A. Decreases heart rate
- B. Increases heart rate
- C. Increases blood pressure
- D. Decreases blood pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Decreases blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers inhibit the influx of calcium into cardiac and smooth muscle cells, leading to vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance, ultimately reducing blood pressure. This effect is beneficial in conditions such as hypertension and angina. The other choices are incorrect because calcium channel blockers typically do not directly affect heart rate or increase blood pressure.
Mrs. Payer's care plan during the acute phase following MI should include attention to such psychologic aspects as fear, stress, and hopefulness. Therapeutic goals from the time of admission must be geared to
- A. acceptance
- B. rehabilitation
- C. slowing down
- D. dependence
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Acceptance facilitates adaptation to illness.
Which condition is caused by a bacterium that primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body?
- A. Tuberculosis
- B. Pneumonia
- C. Legionnaires' disease
- D. Histoplasmosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. This bacterium specifically targets the lungs, leading to symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. In contrast, Pneumonia (B) is commonly caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi affecting the lungs but doesn't specifically spread to other body parts like TB. Legionnaires' disease (C) is caused by Legionella bacteria and primarily affects the lungs, but it does not have the same capability to spread to other body parts like TB. Histoplasmosis (D) is a fungal infection that primarily affects the lungs but does not spread to other parts of the body in the same way as tuberculosis.
From where do these originate, behind the cusps of the aortic valve, in an area known as Valsalva's sinus?
- A. Pulmonary valve
- B. Aortic valve
- C. Tricuspid valve
- D. Mitral valve
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is B - Aortic valve. This is because Valsalva's sinus is located behind the cusps of the aortic valve. The sinuses of Valsalva are pouch-like dilations found at the root of the aorta, just above the aortic valve. These sinuses are important in preventing backflow of blood into the heart during diastole. The other choices, A, C, and D, are incorrect because they do not originate from Valsalva's sinus. The pulmonary valve is located in the pulmonary artery, the tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle, and the mitral valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle.
A patient who underwent a percutaneous, transluminal coronary angioplasty four weeks ago has a subsequent ejection fraction of 30%. The patient returns for a follow-up visit. Examination reveals lungs that are clear on auscultation and slight pedal edema. The patient's medications are digoxin (Lanoxin), furosemide (Lasix), enalapril maleate (Vasotec), and aspirin. The patient reports a 5 lb (2.27 kg) weight gain over the past two days. The cardiac-vascular nurse's initial action is to:
- A. document the weight and reassess the patient at the next session.
- B. inquire about the patient's medication compliance.
- C. notify the patient's physician.
- D. review the patient's most recent nuclear scan.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Weight gain and pedal edema suggest fluid retention, so assessing medication compliance is essential.