Nokea
The nurse receives an order for a triptan for a patient diagnosed with a cluster headache. What drug should be indicated for this purpose?
- A. Sumatriptan (Imitrex).
- B. Naratriptan (Amerge).
- C. Frovatriptan (Frova).
- D. Almotriptan (Axert).
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Sumatriptan (Imitrex). Sumatriptan is the drug of choice for treating cluster headaches due to its rapid onset of action and high efficacy in relieving symptoms. It works by constricting blood vessels in the brain and blocking pain pathways. Naratriptan, Frovatriptan, and Almotriptan are also triptans but are not as effective or fast-acting as Sumatriptan for cluster headaches. Therefore, they are not the ideal choice. Summarily, Sumatriptan is the preferred option for managing cluster headaches due to its quick and potent action compared to other triptans.
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What is the action of ergotamine?
- A. Increases hypoperfusion of basilar artery vascular bed.
- B. Decreases hypoperfusion of basilar artery vascular bed.
- C. Increases hyperperfusion of basilar artery vascular bed.
- D. Decreases hyperperfusion of basilar artery vascular bed.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Decreases hyperperfusion of basilar artery vascular bed. Ergotamine is a vasoconstrictor that acts on serotonin receptors, reducing blood flow and decreasing hyperperfusion in the basilar artery. This helps in treating conditions like migraines by reducing the dilation of blood vessels. Choice A is incorrect because ergotamine does not increase hypoperfusion, but rather decreases hyperperfusion. Choice B is incorrect as ergotamine does not decrease hypoperfusion. Choice C is incorrect since ergotamine does not increase hyperperfusion, rather it decreases it.
Vitamin D plays an important part in the absorption of calcium by the body. Where is vitamin D activated into a form that promotes calcium absorption?
- A. Small intestine.
- B. Vitamin D is not activated into another form.
- C. Kidneys.
- D. Large intestine.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Kidneys. Vitamin D undergoes two hydroxylation steps for activation - first in the liver and then in the kidneys. The final active form of vitamin D, calcitriol, is produced in the kidneys. Calcitriol promotes the absorption of calcium in the intestines. The small intestine (Choice A) is where calcium is absorbed, but vitamin D is activated in the kidneys. Vitamin D does undergo activation into another form as mentioned above, so choice B is incorrect. The large intestine (Choice D) is primarily involved in water absorption, not vitamin D activation.
The nursing instructor asks the student nurse to explain the action of sumatriptan. What is the student's best response?
- A. Vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels.
- B. Depresses pain response in the central nervous system.
- C. Vasoconstrictive on cranial blood vessels.
- D. Binds to acetylcholine receptors to prevent nerve transmission.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vasoconstrictive on cranial blood vessels. Sumatriptan is a medication used to treat migraines by constricting blood vessels in the brain, which helps to reduce inflammation and pain associated with migraines. This action helps to alleviate migraine symptoms. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because sumatriptan does not cause vasodilation, depress pain response in the central nervous system, or bind to acetylcholine receptors. Sumatriptan specifically targets cranial blood vessels to relieve migraine symptoms.
A nurse is caring for a six-year-old child who had surgery that morning. The child is awake and lying very still in bed. What should the nurse do?
- A. Use an “ouch†scale for pain assessment.
- B. Encourage the child to request pain medication when needed.
- C. Plan to administer pain medication if the child begins to cry.
- D. Ask the child to rate their pain on a scale of 1 to 10.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Use an "ouch" scale for pain assessment. This approach is appropriate for a six-year-old child as it uses a simple and understandable method to assess pain levels. The child may not verbalize pain or cry, so using a visual scale like an "ouch" scale can help the nurse accurately assess the child's pain level. Encouraging the child to request pain medication (B) assumes the child will always feel comfortable expressing their needs, which may not be the case. Planning to administer pain medication if the child cries (C) may lead to unnecessary medication administration if the child is not in pain. Asking the child to rate their pain on a scale of 1 to 10 (D) may be too complex for a young child to understand and communicate effectively.
The nurse is teaching a class on muscular coordination and explains it is the movement of what electrolyte that contributes to the process of muscle contraction and relaxation?
- A. Magnesium.
- B. Chloride.
- C. Calcium.
- D. Hydrogen.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Calcium. Calcium plays a crucial role in muscle contraction and relaxation. During muscle contraction, calcium ions bind to proteins in muscle fibers, allowing the actin and myosin filaments to slide past each other. This sliding action is what causes muscle contraction. When muscle relaxation is needed, calcium ions are pumped back into storage within the muscle cells, leading to relaxation. Magnesium (A), chloride (B), and hydrogen (D) do not directly influence muscle contraction and relaxation like calcium does.