Nokea
The nurse understands that Erikson's stage of psychosocial development for a 4-year-old is:
- A. autonomy versus shame and doubt.
- B. initiative versus guilt.
- C. industry versus inferiority.
- D. identity versus role confusion.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: For a 4-year-old, Erikson's stage is initiative vs. guilt (B), where children begin to explore and take initiative but may feel guilt if their actions are criticized.
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You are caring for a 10-year-old child who has had major surgery. When you get ready to change his dressing, he begins to scream at you and even tries to hit and bite you. This is an example of:
- A. lack of cognitive development.
- B. attachment behavior.
- C. regression.
- D. lack of moral development.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Regression (C) is a common response to stress or trauma, such as surgery, where a child reverts to earlier behaviors like tantrums or aggression.
When a baby's cheek is gently touched, he or she will turn toward the stimulus and open his or her mouth to find milk. This is known as:
- A. the sucking reflex.
- B. the rooting reflex.
- C. the startle (Moro) reflex.
- D. Babinski's reflex.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The rooting reflex (B) is the infant's response to cheek stimulation, turning toward it to seek milk.
A 16-year-old girl comes to the clinic where you work. She is diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease. She tells you she is worried that she might be pregnant. Which is the best response for you to make?
- A. Would you like to have a pregnancy test and find out for sure?'
- B. Do your parents know about this?'
- C. If you are pregnant, I hope you don't plan to keep the baby!'
- D. You should not be sexually active at your age.'
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Offering a pregnancy test (A) is a nonjudgmental, practical response that addresses the patient's concern and supports her autonomy.
Growth that progresses from the head downward is known as what type of pattern?
- A. Caudocephalad
- B. Cephalocaudal
- C. Proximodistal
- D. Distoproximal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cephalocaudal (B) describes growth progressing from the head downward, as seen in early physical development.
When an infant cries, a caregiver comes to give comfort so that the infant learns that her needs will be met. This is an example of:
- A. the theory of physical development.
- B. Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
- C. Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
- D. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: This scenario illustrates Erikson's theory of psychosocial development (D), specifically the trust vs. mistrust stage, where consistent caregiving helps the infant develop trust.