Nokea
The nurse understands that the client should be given human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine per the health care provider's orders. What does this vaccine help prevent?
- A. Lung cancer
- B. Breast cancer
- C. Cervical cancer
- D. Leukemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The vaccines that are approved for use in the United States include the human papillomavirus (HPV), which may help prevent women from getting cervical cancer. There are no vaccines for the prevention of lung cancer, breast cancer, or leukemia.
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The nurse is invited to present a teaching program to parents of school-age children. Which topic would be of greatest value for decreasing cancer risks?
- A. Pool and water safety
- B. Breast and testicular self-exams
- C. Hand washing and infection prevention
- D. Sun safety and use of sunscreen
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pool and water safety as well as infection prevention are important teaching topics but will not decrease cancer risk. While performing breast and testicular self-exams may identify cancers in the early stage, this teaching is not usually initiated in school-age children. Severe sunburns that occur in young children can place the child at risk for skin cancers later in life. Because children spend much time out of doors, the use of sunscreen and protective clothing/hats can protect the skin and decrease the risk.
A client asks the nurse what is causing the fatigue following radiotherapy. What is the nurse's best response?
- A. The cancer is spreading to other parts of the body.
- B. The cancer cells are dying in large numbers.
- C. Fighting off infection is an exhausting venture.
- D. Substances are released when tumor cells are destroyed.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Fatigue results from substances being released when tumor cells are destroyed during radiotherapy. The spreading of cancer can cause many symptoms dependent on location and type of cancer, but it is not a significant factor in the development of fatigue with radiotherapy. The production of healthy cells can increase metabolic rate, but death of cancer cells does not support fatigue in this case. Fighting infection can cause fatigue, but there is no evidence provided to support the presence of infection in this client.
The nurse performs a breast exam on a client and finds a firm, non-moveable lump in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast that the client reports was not there 3 weeks ago. What does this finding suggest?
- A. Normal finding
- B. Benign fibrocystic disease
- C. Malignant tumor
- D. Malignant tumor with metastasis to surrounding tissue
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A fast-growing lump is suggestive of a malignant tumor. Metastasis can only be determined by cytology, not by palpation.
The nurse is caring for a client with a newly discovered tumor that may be benign or malignant. The client asks, 'What makes a malignant tumor different from a benign one?' What should the nurse include in the response? Select all that apply.
- A. The cells of the tumor bear little resemblance to the cells in the tissue where the tumor started.'
- B. It grows by invasion and infiltrates the surrounding tissues.'
- C. The tumor grows slowly and may stop.'
- D. It does not spread to other areas of the body through blood and lymph channels.'
- E. The tumor may regress after its initial growth.'
Correct Answer: A,B
Rationale: The nurse should include the statements 'The cells of the tumor bear little resemblance to the cells in the tissue where the tumor started' and 'It grows by invasion and infiltrates the surrounding tissues' in the response. Undifferentiated cells and growth by invasion are both characteristics of malignant tumors. Benign tumors are characterized by slow growth, not metastasizing, and the possibility of regression, while malignant tumors are not.
The public health nurse is teaching a local community group about warning signs of cancer. What should the nurse include in the teaching? Select all that apply.
- A. Sores that do not heal
- B. Unusual bleeding or discharge
- C. Unexplained weight gain
- D. Tenderness or pain
- E. Persistent indigestion
Correct Answer: A,B,D,E
Rationale: Warning signs of cancer include sores that do not heal, unusual bleeding or discharge, tenderness or pain, and persistent indigestion. Unexplained weight loss, not weight gain, is a warning sign of cancer.