Nokea
The nurse understands that which of the ff. best describes the action of propanolol (Inderal)?
- A. It increases heart rate
- B. It decreases fluid volume
- C. It decreases cardiac output
- D. It increases cardiac contractility
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Propranolol (Inderal) is a non-selective beta-blocker that works by blocking beta receptors in the heart and blood vessels. By blocking these receptors, propranolol decreases the effects of adrenaline, leading to a decrease in heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output. This results in a reduction in the workload of the heart, making it an effective medication for conditions such as hypertension, angina, and certain types of arrhythmias. Overall, the action of propranolol leads to a decrease in cardiac output, contrary to the options that suggest an increase in heart rate, fluid volume, or cardiac contractility.
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is softening of the bones as result of nutritional deficiencies or limited exposure to sunlight :
- A. COXA
- B. scoliosis
- C. Rickets
- D. Talipes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rickets is a condition that involves softening and weakening of the bones in children, usually due to a vitamin D deficiency, inadequate calcium intake, or lack of exposure to sunlight. Vitamin D is essential for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the body, which are important for bone health. Without sufficient vitamin D, the body is unable to properly mineralize the bones, leading to softening and deformities. Common symptoms of rickets include bowed legs, delayed growth, and muscle weakness. Treatment typically involves vitamin D supplementation, dietary changes, and adequate exposure to sunlight.
A patient, age 46, is admitted for observation following an auto accident. He hit the steering wheel and has a chest contusion. Which of the following creates a pericardial friction rub?
- A. Inflamed cardiac tricuspid and mitral valves
- B. Decreased cardiac output c.Increased pulmonary pressures
- C. Rubbing of pericardial and epicardial layers
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A pericardial friction rub is a harsh grating sound caused by the rubbing of the pericardial and epicardial layers of the heart. This rubbing sound can be heard with a stethoscope and is typically indicative of pericarditis, inflammation of the pericardium (the sac surrounding the heart). In the case of the patient with a chest contusion following an auto accident, the trauma could have led to pericardial inflammation and subsequent pericardial friction rub. The other choices do not directly result in the creation of a pericardial friction rub.
A nurse is teaching a parent about administration of iron supplements to a 7-month-old infant. Which should the nurse include in the teaching session? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Administer the iron supplement with a dropper toward the side and to the back of the mouth
- B. Administer the iron supplement with feedings.
- C. Your infant's stools may look tarry green.
- D. Your infant may have some diarrhea initially.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Administer the iron supplement with a dropper toward the side and to the back of the mouth: This instruction helps ensure that the iron supplement bypasses the taste buds on the front of the tongue, which may reduce the likelihood of a strong taste causing rejection or spitting out by the infant.
A client, age 42, visits the gynecologist. After examining her, the physician suspects cervical cancer. The nurse reviews the client's history for risk factors for this disease. Which history finding is a risk factor for cervical cancer?
- A. Onset of sporadic sexual activity at age 17
- B. Pregnancy complicated with eclampsia at
- C. Spontaneous abortion at age 19 age 27
- D. Human papilloma virus infection at age 32
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major risk factor for cervical cancer. HPV is a sexually transmitted infection that is linked to almost all cases of cervical cancer. Therefore, a history of HPV infection increases the risk of developing cervical cancer. The other choices, such as onset of sexual activity at age 17, pregnancy complications, and spontaneous abortion, are not directly linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer.
With pulmonary edema, there is usually an alteration in:
- A. Afterload
- B. Preload
- C. Contractility
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pulmonary edema is characterized by the accumulation of excess fluid in the lungs, which can lead to impaired gas exchange and respiratory distress. In the presence of pulmonary edema, there is usually an alteration in all three factors mentioned: afterload, preload, and contractility.