Nokea
The nurse uses many precautions during IV administration of vesicant chemotherapeutic agents, primarily to prevent
- A. septicemia
- B. extravasation
- C. catheter occlusion
- D. anaphylactic shock
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Extravasation of vesicant agents can cause severe tissue damage, so precautions are essential.
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All of the following are true about antibodies, EXCEPT which one?
- A. They fix complement.
- B. They occur on the surface of B-lymphocyte
- C. They predominate the primary immune response to antigen.
- D. have a single, defined amino acid sequence due to variability.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because antibodies do not have a single, defined amino acid sequence due to variability in their structure. This variability is a result of somatic recombination and hypermutation.
A: Antibodies can fix complement, leading to the destruction of pathogens.
B: Antibodies are produced by B-lymphocytes and can occur on their surface as B-cell receptors.
C: Antibodies predominate the secondary immune response, not the primary response, as memory B-cells are generated during the primary response for a quicker and more robust secondary response.
VDJ gene rearrangement takes place in
- A. Germinal Centers
- B. Lymph Nodes
- C. Bone marrow
- D. Spleen
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: VDJ gene rearrangement occurs during lymphocyte development to generate diverse antigen receptors. This process occurs in the bone marrow, specifically in the early stages of B cell development. In the bone marrow, B cell precursors undergo VDJ recombination to create unique antibody specificity. Germinal centers are sites for B cell activation and proliferation, not gene rearrangement. Lymph nodes and spleen are secondary lymphoid organs where mature lymphocytes are activated, not where VDJ recombination occurs.
Which condition is an example of Type IV hypersensitivity?
- A. Multiple sclerosis
- B. Grave's disease
- C. Anaphylaxis
- D. Eczema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Multiple sclerosis. Type IV hypersensitivity involves T cell-mediated immune reactions, leading to tissue damage. In multiple sclerosis, myelin sheath destruction is caused by activated T cells attacking self-antigens.
Incorrect choices:
B: Grave's disease is an example of Type II hypersensitivity involving autoantibodies targeting specific cells.
C: Anaphylaxis is a Type I hypersensitivity reaction mediated by IgE antibodies causing rapid and severe allergic reactions.
D: Eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin condition involving complex immune mechanisms not specific to Type IV hypersensitivity.
The Fc regions of antibodies play a role in which of the following antibody effector functions:
- A. Degranulation of mast cells
- B. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
- C. Complement activation
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Fc regions of antibodies interact with various immune cells and molecules to mediate effector functions.
- A: Degranulation of mast cells: Fc receptors on mast cells bind to antibody Fc regions, triggering degranulation.
- B: ADCC: Fc regions bind to Fc receptors on immune cells, facilitating target cell killing.
- C: Complement activation: Antibody binding to antigens can activate the complement system via the Fc region.
Therefore, the correct answer is D because the Fc regions of antibodies are involved in all mentioned effector functions.
The joints most commonly involved with rheumatoid arthritis include:
- A. Symmetrical involvement of major joints.
- B. Small joints of hands and feet.
- C. Spine,from the sacrum upward to cervical.
- D. Slightly movable joints of the axial skeleton.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rheumatoid arthritis primarily affects small joints symmetrically, especially those in the hands and feet. Major joints and axial skeleton involvement occurs but is less characteristic of early disease presentation.