Nokea
The pancreas makes the following hormones:
- A. Oestrogen and progesterone
- B. Insulin and Glucagon
- C. Testosterone and Oestrogen
- D. Anti Diuretic Hormone and adrenalin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar.
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A 55-year-old male presents with a history of recurring episodes of gastric pain, particularly after meals. He describes the pain as a burning sensation in the upper abdomen, which improves with antiacid use. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy reveals erosions in the duodenal mucosa. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Gastric ulcer
- B. Duodenal ulcer
- C. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- D. Gastric adenocarcinoma
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Duodenal ulcers typically present with burning epigastric pain after meals, relieved by antacids, and are associated with mucosal erosions in the duodenum, as seen on endoscopy.
Which statement about chemical digestion in the human alimentary canal is correct?
- A. Digestion of carbohydrates is completed in the colon.
- B. Enzymes are secreted to break down cellulose in the duodenum.
- C. Protein digestion is completed in the ileum.
- D. The stomach secretes enzymes to break down starch.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Protein digestion begins in the stomach with pepsin and is completed in the ileum by proteolytic enzymes from the pancreas and intestinal mucosa.
Match: Bile
- A. breaks fat into smaller droplets
- B. digests carbohydrates
- C. absorbs vitamins
- D. neutralizes stomach acid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Bile emulsifies fats, breaking them into smaller droplets to facilitate digestion by lipases.
Taste buds are found on the following papilla EXCEPT:
- A. Circumvallate papilla
- B. Filiform
- C. Fungiform
- D. Foliate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Filiform papillae lack taste buds and are primarily involved in touch sensation, unlike the other papillae types.
A client is being prepared for a colonoscopy, a test to visualize the large intestine. The nurse is aware that this examination will assist in identification of pathology of the:
- A. Large intestine
- B. Stomach
- C. Small intestine
- D. Esophagus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A colonoscopy visualizes the large intestine to detect abnormalities.