Nokea
The parent of a 7-year-old with continued bed-wetting at night says they've tried getting the child up at 11:30 p.m. Which is the best next step?
- A. There is a medication (DDAVP) that may help decrease urine volume.
- B. Be firm and show how much work is involved in changing sheets.
- C. Limit fluids in the evening and consider a reward system for dry nights.
- D. Bed-wetting alarms are available and effective.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Reducing evening fluids and using positive reinforcement (reward system) are effective and developmentally appropriate strategies.
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The nurse is teaching a client who suspects that she has a lump in her breast. The nurse instructs the client that a diagnosis of breast cancer is confirmed by:
- A. Breast self-examination
- B. Fine needle aspiration
- C. Mammography
- D. Chest x-ray
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A diagnosis of breast cancer is confirmed through a biopsy, which involves removing a sample of tissue or cells from the lump in the breast and examining it under a microscope. Fine needle aspiration is a minimally invasive procedure where a thin needle is used to remove cells from the lump for examination. This diagnostic method allows for the confirmation of breast cancer by analyzing the cells for signs of malignancy. While breast self-examinations, mammography, and chest x-rays are important tools for detecting breast abnormalities, they are not definitive in confirming a diagnosis of breast cancer.
Which of the following responses indicates sympathetic nervous system function?
- A. Tachycardia, dilated pupils
- B. Hypoglycaemia, headache
- C. Increased peristalsis, abdominal cramping
- D. Pupil constriction, bronchoconstriction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response. Tachycardia (increased heart rate) and dilated pupils are classic responses of the sympathetic nervous system activation during times of stress or danger. These physiological responses prepare the body for action, such as running away from a threat.
A nurse is admitting a child to the hospital with a diagnosis of giardiasis. Which medication should the nurse expect to be prescribed?
- A. Metronidazole (Flagyl)
- B. Amoxicillin clavulanate (Augmentin)
- C. Clarithromycin (Biaxin)
- D. Prednisone (Orapred)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Giardiasis is an intestinal infection caused by a protozoan parasite called Giardia lamblia. Metronidazole (Flagyl) is the drug of choice for treating giardiasis in children and adults. It is an antibiotic that is effective against a wide range of anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, including Giardia lamblia. Metronidazole works by disrupting the DNA of the parasite, leading to its death. It is usually well-tolerated and has a high cure rate for giardiasis. Amoxicillin clavulanate (Augmentin) is a combination antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections, not parasitic infections like giardiasis. Clarithromycin (Biaxin) is primarily used for treating bacterial infections, such as respiratory tract infections. Prednisone (Orapred) is a corticosteroid used to reduce
Which of the following signs indicates to the nurse that digoxin (Lanoxin) has been effective for a patient?
- A. Urine output decreases
- B. Heart rate higher than 95
- C. Urine output increases
- D. Heart rate lower than 50
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Digoxin is a medication commonly used to treat heart failure and certain types of irregular heart rhythms. One of the therapeutic effects of digoxin is an improvement in cardiac output, leading to better tissue perfusion. As the heart's pumping ability improves, blood flow to the kidneys also increases, resulting in an increase in urine output. Therefore, an increase in urine output is a positive indication that digoxin is effective for the patient. Monitoring urine output can be a valuable way for nurses to assess the response to digoxin therapy and the overall cardiac function of the patient.
Which is an important consideration for the nurse when changing dressings and applying topical medication to a child's abdomen and leg burns?
- A. Apply topical medication with clean hands.
- B. Wash hands and forearms before and after dressing change.
- C. If dressings adhere to the wound, soak in hot water before removal.
- D. Apply dressing so that movement is limited during the healing process.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Washing hands and forearms before and after a dressing change is crucial for maintaining proper hygiene and preventing the spread of infection. This practice helps to reduce the risk of introducing harmful microorganisms to the burn wounds, which could lead to complications. It is important for the nurse to wash their hands and forearms thoroughly using proper hand hygiene techniques before touching the child's wounds or applying topical medications. By following the principles of infection control, the nurse can help promote proper wound healing and prevent potential complications in the child's recovery process.