Nokea
The patient is on intake and output (I&O), as well as daily weights. The nurse notes that output is considerably less than intake over the last shift, and daily weight is 1 kg more than yesterday. The nurse should
- A. draw a trough level after the next dose of antibiotic.
- B. obtain an order to place the patient on fluid restriction.
- C. assess the patient’s lungs.
- D. insert an indwelling catheter.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: assess the patient's lungs. The discrepancy between intake, output, and weight gain indicates a potential fluid imbalance. By assessing the patient's lungs, the nurse can identify signs of fluid overload, such as crackles or difficulty breathing, which could explain the weight gain and imbalance. This step is crucial in determining the underlying cause and guiding further interventions. Drawing a trough level (A) or inserting an indwelling catheter (D) are not necessary at this point and may not address the immediate issue. Placing the patient on fluid restriction (B) should only be considered after a thorough assessment to determine the cause of the imbalance.
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Daily weights are being recorded for the patient with a urine output that has been less than the intravenous and oral intake. The weight yesterday was 5 kg. This morning it is 99 kg. The nurse understands that this corresponds to a(n)
- A. fluid retention of 1.5 liters.
- B. fluid loss of 1.5 liters.
- C. equal intake and output due to insensible losses.
- D. fluid loss of 0.5 liters.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: fluid retention of 1.5 liters. The weight gain from 5 kg to 99 kg indicates an increase of 94 kg. Since 1 kg of weight gain is approximately equal to 1 liter of fluid retention, the patient has retained 94 liters of fluid. Therefore, the correct choice is fluid retention of 1.5 liters.
Choice B is incorrect because the weight gain indicates fluid retention, not loss. Choice C is incorrect as it mentions equal intake and output, which does not match the weight gain observed. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests fluid loss, which contradicts the weight gain.
In the management of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome, when is an intravenous (IV) solution that contains dextrose started?
- A. Never; normal saline is the only appropriate solution in diabetes management
- B. When the blood sugar reaches 70 mg/dL
- C. When the blood sugar reaches 150 mg/dL
- D. When the blood glucose reaches 250 mg/dL
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In diabetic emergencies, starting IV dextrose at 250 mg/dL prevents hypoglycemia while resolving ketoacidosis. Below 250 mg/dL, the body can use endogenous glucose, so IV dextrose is not necessary.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. Normal saline may be used for initial fluid resuscitation but does not address the need for glucose.
B: Incorrect. Starting dextrose at 70 mg/dL may lead to unnecessary hyperglycemia and complications.
C: Incorrect. Waiting until 150 mg/dL delays the provision of necessary glucose for metabolic functions.
Which of the following laboratory values would be found in a patient with syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone?
- A. Fasting blood glucose 156 mg/dL
- B. Serum potassium 5.8 mEq/L
- C. Serum sodium 115 mEq/L
- D. Serum sodium 152 mEq/L
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Serum sodium 115 mEq/L. In syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), there is excess release of ADH leading to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia. Low serum sodium levels (hyponatremia) are characteristic of SIADH due to water retention without proportional sodium retention. Choices A and B are not indicative of SIADH. Choice D, high serum sodium, is more likely in conditions causing dehydration or excessive sodium intake.
The term used to describe an increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine is
- A. oliguria.
- B. azotemia.
- C. acute kidney injury.
- D. prerenal disease.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: azotemia. Azotemia refers to elevated levels of nitrogenous waste products like BUN and creatinine in the blood. This occurs when the kidneys are not functioning properly, leading to decreased filtration and excretion of waste products. Oliguria (A) is reduced urine output, not specific to elevated BUN and creatinine levels. Acute kidney injury (C) is a broader term for sudden loss of kidney function. Prerenal disease (D) typically refers to conditions affecting blood flow to the kidneys, leading to decreased kidney function, but it does not specifically describe the increase in BUN and creatinine levels.
Which of the following laboratory values would be more common in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis?
- A. Blood glucose >1000 mg/dL
- B. Negative ketones in the urine
- C. Normal anion gap
- D. pH 7.24
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A (Blood glucose >1000 mg/dL) because diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by severe hyperglycemia. High blood glucose levels (>1000 mg/dL) are common due to insulin deficiency leading to increased glucose production.
B: Negative ketones in the urine would be incorrect as DKA results in ketone production, leading to ketonuria.
C: Normal anion gap would be incorrect as DKA typically presents with an elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis due to ketone accumulation.
D: pH 7.24 would be incorrect as DKA would present with a lower pH due to metabolic acidosis.