Nokea
The region of the stomach around the opening from the esophagus is called the ______ region.
- A. pyloric
- B. body
- C. cardiac
- D. fundus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: cardiac region. The region of the stomach around the opening from the esophagus is called the cardiac region because it is closest to the heart. The cardiac region is located near the top of the stomach, where the esophagus connects. This area contains the cardiac sphincter, which helps prevent backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus. The other choices are incorrect because:
- A: pyloric region is located at the bottom of the stomach and connects to the small intestine.
- B: body refers to the main central part of the stomach.
- D: fundus is the upper portion of the stomach, above the cardiac region.
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Which part of the digestive system is primarily responsible for the absorption of water?
- A. small intestine
- B. large intestine
- C. stomach
- D. duodenum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The large intestine is primarily responsible for the absorption of water in the digestive system. It reabsorbs water and electrolytes from the indigestible food residue, forming feces. The small intestine is more involved in nutrient absorption. The stomach mainly digests food, while the duodenum is the initial segment of the small intestine where most digestion occurs. The large intestine's main role in water absorption makes it the correct answer.
When caring for a patient with autoimmune hepatitis, the nurse understands that what in this patient is different from the patient who has viral hepatitis?
- A. Does not manifest hepatomegaly or jaundice
- B. Experiences less liver inflammation and damage
- C. Is treated with corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents
- D. Is usually an older adult who has used a wide variety of prescription and over-the-counter drugs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Autoimmune hepatitis is treated with corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive drugs to reduce liver inflammation and prevent progression of liver damage.
Which of the following statements is false about the effects of exercise?
- A. the risk of death from breast cancer is greater in low aerobic fitness groups
- B. there is some evidence that aerobic exercise can increase brain volume in the elderly
- C. there is an inverse relationship between aerobic fitness and risk of colon cancer
- D. none of the above statements are false
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all three statements are true. A is supported by research showing lower risk of death from breast cancer in higher aerobic fitness groups. B is backed by studies indicating increased brain volume with aerobic exercise in the elderly. C is also true, as higher aerobic fitness levels are associated with reduced risk of colon cancer. Therefore, option D is the correct choice as none of the statements are false.
What risk factor will the nurse specifically ask about when a patient is being admitted with acute pancreatitis?
- A. Diabetes
- B. Alcohol use
- C. High-protein diet
- D. Cigarette smoking
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Alcohol use. Alcohol is a significant risk factor for acute pancreatitis as it can lead to inflammation and damage to the pancreas. The nurse will specifically ask about alcohol use to assess the potential cause of the pancreatitis. Diabetes (A), high-protein diet (C), and cigarette smoking (D) are not typically primary risk factors for acute pancreatitis, although smoking may exacerbate existing conditions. Therefore, the nurse's focus should be on identifying alcohol use as it directly correlates with the development of acute pancreatitis.
The oesophageal phase of swallowing:
- A. Cannot proceed when the mouth is open
- B. Is primarily a reflex controlled by the myenteric plexus
- C. Is primarily controlled by the swallowing center in the brain
- D. Starts when a bolus enters the oropharynx
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the oesophageal phase of swallowing starts when a bolus enters the oropharynx. This triggers the swallowing reflex, leading to the contraction of the upper oesophageal sphincter and relaxation of the lower sphincter to allow the bolus to move into the oesophagus. Choices A and B are incorrect because the oesophageal phase can proceed with the mouth open and is not primarily reflex-controlled by the myenteric plexus. Choice C is incorrect as the swallowing center in the brain coordinates and initiates the swallowing reflex but is not the primary control of the oesophageal phase.