Nokea
The signs and symptoms of heart failure do not include:
- A. Dyspnoea
- B. Orthopnoea
- C. Urinary frequency
- D. Fatigue
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Heart failure floods breathless, flat-lie gasps, swelling, wiped out. Peeing often? Kidneys, not heart others scream pump fail. Nurses clock these, a chronic wet mess minus bladder.
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The disease progress of cancers, such as cervical or Hodgkin's, can be classified according to a clinical staging system. Place the description of stages 0-IV in the correct order.
- A. Metastasis
- B. Limited local spread
- C. Cancer in situ
- D. Tumor limited to tissue of origin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Clinical staging tracks cancer progression: starting with cancer in situ, where abnormal cells stay confined, non-invasive stage 0. Next, tumor limited to tissue of origin marks stage I, with localized growth but no spread. Limited local spread, stage II, shows slight extension beyond the origin. Extensive local and regional spread, stage III, involves nearby tissues or nodes. Metastasis, stage IV, indicates distant spread, the most advanced. The sequence cancer in situ, tumor limited to origin, limited spread, extensive spread, metastasis reflects increasing severity, guiding treatment from surveillance to aggressive therapy. Nurses use this to educate patients, aligning interventions with disease extent, critical for prognosis in cancers like cervical or Hodgkin's.
Which is not true of gangrene?
- A. it is usually caused by clostridium perfringens
- B. pain is out of proportion to the soft tissue injury
- C. hyperbaric oxygen is recommended
- D. gas must be seen on a plain xray
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Gangrene Clostridium leads, pain screams, oxygen helps, surgery rules; gas isn't must-see. Nurses cut this chronic myth.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding patient education for insulin therapy?
- A. It improves the patients experience and adherence to insulin therapy
- B. It requires time and preparation
- C. It can only be done by diabetes nurse educators
- D. Different topics and focus can be covered at different stages of insulin therapy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Insulin education boosts adherence and takes prep varied topics hit stages, and checking understanding's key. But pinning it to diabetes nurse educators alone flops; GPs, pharmacists, even peers can teach, widening reach. Team effort trumps solo specialty, ensuring chronic care's flexible, not bottlenecked, a practical truth in diabetes' long haul.
A patient diagnosed with moderate COPD would have a FEV1 of which percentage of their predicted range?
- A. 40%
- B. <80%
- C. 60-79%
- D. 40-59%
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Moderate COPD's FEV1 lands 40-59% predicted airflow's pinched, not trashed, fitting GOLD staging, a middle ground of huff and puff. Over 40's too broad; under 80's loose; 60-79's mild. Nurses clock this, tuning chronic care's pace.
Which of the following medications are appropriate for the treatment of heart failure?
- A. Digoxin
- B. Bronchodilators
- C. Antibiotics
- D. Diuretics
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Heart failure's fluid overload and pump inefficiency need diuretics they offload excess volume, easing dyspnea and edema, a cornerstone of treatment. Digoxin boosts contractility, useful in some cases, but diuretics directly tackle the hallmark issue. Bronchodilators aid breathing in lung disease, not heart failure's core. Antibiotics fight infection, irrelevant here. Diuretics' rapid impact on preload makes them essential, aligning with guideline-directed therapy, a nurse's focus for symptom relief and stability in heart failure management, outranking adjuncts like digoxin in immediate need.