Nokea
The symptoms of excessive stimulation of muscarinic receptors include all of the following EXCEPT:
- A. Abdominal cramps, diarrhea
- B. Increased salivation, excessive bronchial secretion
- C. Miosis, bradycardia
- D. Weakness of all skeletal muscles
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Weakness of all skeletal muscles. Excessive stimulation of muscarinic receptors would not lead to weakness of skeletal muscles because muscarinic receptors are mainly found in smooth muscles and glands, not skeletal muscles. A: Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, B: Increased salivation, excessive bronchial secretion, and C: Miosis, bradycardia are all symptoms of excessive muscarinic receptor stimulation as these receptors are involved in various functions in the body such as gastrointestinal motility, salivation, bronchial secretions, pupil constriction, and heart rate regulation.
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Higher incidence of myocardial infarction and increased mortality has been noted with the use of the following antihypertensive drug
- A. Nifedipine
- B. Verapamil
- C. Diltiazem
- D. Lisinopril
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Short-acting nifedipine has been linked to increased MI risk due to rapid vasodilation and reflex tachycardia.
Desmond Manderson argues that the portrayal of drugs as having almost demonic powers is prevalent not only in cultural representations of illicit drugs but also in:
- A. drug legislation
- B. hippie communes
- C. Kantian philosophy
- D. Catholic theology
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Desmond Manderson argues that the portrayal of drugs as having almost demonic powers is prevalent not only in cultural representations of illicit drugs but also in drug legislation. This is because drug laws often criminalize drug use, perpetuating the idea of drugs as inherently evil. Hippie communes focus more on drug use as a means of spiritual exploration rather than demonizing drugs. Kantian philosophy emphasizes rationality and autonomy, not drug portrayal. Catholic theology may view drug use as a sin, but does not necessarily attribute demonic powers to drugs.
All the following adverse effects can be produced by beta-blockers EXCEPT:
- A. Hypotension
- B. Cold extremities
- C. Tachycardia
- D. Bronchospasm especially in asthmatic patients
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Beta-blockers cause hypotension (A), cold extremities (B), and bronchospasm (D), but reduce heart rate, not cause tachycardia (C).
Indication for plicamycin (formerly mithramycin) administration is:
- A. Testicular cancers refractory to standard treatment
- B. Paget’s disease
- C. Hypercalcemia of malignancy
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because plicamycin is indicated for testicular cancers refractory to standard treatment, Paget’s disease, and hypercalcemia of malignancy. Plicamycin inhibits bone resorption and reduces serum calcium levels in patients with hypercalcemia of malignancy. It also has cytotoxic effects on certain types of cancer cells, including testicular cancers. Therefore, it is used for all of the mentioned conditions. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because plicamycin is not limited to only one specific condition, but rather can be used for multiple indications.
Indicate the “specific” modality of treatment for severe methanol poisoning:
- A. Dialysis to enhance removal of methanol
- B. Alkalinization to counteract metabolic acidosis
- C. Suppression of metabolism by alcohol dehydrogenase to toxic products
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because severe methanol poisoning requires a multi-modal approach. Dialysis enhances methanol removal. Alkalinization helps counteract metabolic acidosis. Suppressing metabolism by alcohol dehydrogenase prevents the formation of toxic products. Therefore, all options (A, B, and C) are necessary for effective treatment of severe methanol poisoning. Other choices are incorrect as they do not address the multiple facets of methanol toxicity.