Nokea
The toxic condition caused by the multiplication of bacteria in the blood is referred to as:
- A. bacteremia
- B. septicemia
- C. shock
- D. bloodborne infection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: septicemia. Septicemia specifically refers to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, leading to a systemic inflammatory response. Bacteremia (choice A) is simply the presence of bacteria in the blood without the systemic inflammatory response. Shock (choice C) is a state of circulatory collapse, often seen in severe septicemia. Bloodborne infection (choice D) is a general term for infections transmitted through the blood but does not specifically refer to the condition of bacterial multiplication causing toxicity.
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A Gram-negative bacterium producing a blue-green pigment and having a fruity odor was isolated from a patient's wound infection. What is the likely causative agent?
- A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Klebsiella pneumoniae
- D. Proteus mirabilis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Blue-green pigment + fruity odor are characteristic of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
2. P. aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium commonly associated with wound infections.
3. P. aeruginosa is known for its ability to produce pyocyanin (blue-green pigment) and a sweet, fruity odor.
4. Other choices like E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. mirabilis do not typically produce blue-green pigment or fruity odor.
5. Therefore, based on the characteristics observed, the likely causative agent is Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Summary of other choices:
- Escherichia coli: Does not produce blue-green pigment or fruity odor.
- Klebsiella pneumoniae: Does not typically produce blue-green pigment or fruity odor.
- Proteus mirabilis: Does not produce blue-green pigment or fruity odor.
The net gain of ATP molecules after the breakdown of one glucose molecule in glycolysis is
- A. 1
- B. 2
- C. 3
- D. 4
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (2). During glycolysis, one glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. In this process, a net gain of 2 ATP molecules is produced through substrate-level phosphorylation. Specifically, ATP is generated during the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and during the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate. The other choices are incorrect because the net gain of ATP molecules in glycolysis is not 1, 3, or 4; it is 2 based on the specific enzymatic reactions involved in the pathway.
Which of the following viruses has the name of the city where it was first discovered:
- A. Chikungunya virus
- B. Marburg virus
- C. Measles virus
- D. Epstein-Barr virus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Marburg virus is named after the German city Marburg where it was first identified in 1967.
2. Chikungunya virus is named after a village in Tanzania.
3. Measles virus got its name from the Middle English word "maselen" meaning "many little spots".
4. Epstein-Barr virus is named after Michael Epstein and Yvonne Barr, who discovered it.
Summary:
B is correct as it is directly named after the city of its discovery. A, C, and D are incorrect as they are named after other locations, characteristics, or discoverers.
OSHA is a division of the
- A. National Institutes of Health.
- B. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- C. U.S. Department of Labor.
- D. World Health Organization.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: 1. OSHA stands for Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
2. OSHA is responsible for ensuring safe and healthy working conditions in the US.
3. The U.S. Department of Labor oversees OSHA's operations and regulations.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as OSHA is a division of the U.S. Department of Labor.
5. Other choices are incorrect because they are not directly related to OSHA's jurisdiction or responsibilities.
A patient with a severe case of pneumonia had sputum stained using the Gram method. The smear revealed Gram-positive cocci arranged in pairs with a capsule. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Staphylococcus aureus
- C. Klebsiella pneumoniae
- D. Enterococcus faecalis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Streptococcus pneumoniae. This bacterium is a common cause of pneumonia and is characterized by being Gram-positive cocci arranged in pairs with a capsule, as described in the question. The presence of a capsule is a key characteristic of Streptococcus pneumoniae, distinguishing it from the other choices. Staphylococcus aureus (B) is a Gram-positive cocci, but it typically forms clusters, not pairs. Klebsiella pneumoniae (C) is a Gram-negative rod, not a Gram-positive cocci. Enterococcus faecalis (D) is a Gram-positive cocci, but it does not typically present with a capsule in the same way Streptococcus pneumoniae does.